{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:16:52Z","timestamp":1784557012447,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"context\"><jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians use various stretching techniques to prevent the onset of and treat glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (GIRD). It is unknown which stretching technique is the most effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the acute effects of hold\u2013relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) with and without vibration therapy on internal rotation in individuals with GIRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"design\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>2-within (stretch \u00d7 time) comparison with repeated measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"setting\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlled laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"participants\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>11 male current and former overhead athletes (19.8 \u00b1 1.4 y, 184.5 \u00b1 4.5 cm, 91.8 \u00b1 11.6 kg) who presented with GIRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"interventions\"><jats:title>Interventions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 3 separate sessions, participants performed 1 of 3 randomly assigned stretches: hold\u2013relax PNF (PNF), hold\u2013relax PNF in combination with a whole-body-vibration unit set at 30 Hz (PNF-V), and static stretch (SS). Pretest and posttest maximum passive glenohumeral internal-rotation measurements were taken with a digital protractor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"main outcome measures\"><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dependent variables were the mean glenohumeral internal-rotation measurements taken at the pretest and posttest. The influence of stretch (PNF, PNF-V, and SS) and time (pretest and posttest) on mean glenohumeral internal rotation was compared using a 3 \u00d7 2 factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on both variables (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 .05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a stretch-by-time interaction (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2,20<\/jats:sub> = 34.697, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Post hoc testing revealed that the PNF posttest (73.0\u00b0 \u00b1 10.4\u00b0) was greater than the PNF pretest (60.0\u00b0 \u00b1 11.8\u00b0), the PNF-V posttest (74.7\u00b0 \u00b1 10.0\u00b0) was greater than the PNF-V pretest (57.4\u00b0 \u00b1 10.4\u00b0), and the SS posttest (67.0\u00b0 \u00b1 10.7\u00b0) was greater than the SS pretest (60.1\u00b0 \u00b1 9.4\u00b0). When comparing the posttest values, the PNF-V posttest was greater than the SS posttest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All 3 stretches (PNF, PNF-V, and SS) resulted in acute increases in glenohumeral internal rotation in individuals presenting with GIRD. The PNF-V stretch resulted in the greatest increase and would be the most clinically beneficial for patients with GIRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2014-0329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]],"date-time":"2015-10-12T20:32:22Z","timestamp":1444681942000},"page":"248-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Acute Effects of Hold\u2013Relax Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation With Vibration Therapy on Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"W. Steven","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Slone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","container-title":["Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/25\/3\/article-p248.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/25\/3\/article-p248.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T23:00:54Z","timestamp":1653001254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/25\/3\/article-p248.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2014-0329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-6716","1543-3072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-6716","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-3072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}