{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T09:38:15Z","timestamp":1776937095492,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic><jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic> Altered lower-extremity muscle activity has been associated with lower-extremity kinematics in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP). However, few studies have examined these relationships, and the results are inconsistent. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To compare the lower-extremity muscle activity, kinematics, pain level, and reach distance during the anterior reach of the star excursion balance test (SEBT) between participants with PFP and healthy individuals (control [CON] group). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Case control. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Research laboratory. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Participants<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Twenty-eight (PFP\u2009=\u200914 and CON\u2009=\u200914) participants volunteered. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Intervention<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Each participant performed 3 maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius (GMED), adductor longus (AL), and vastus medialis, and 5 anterior reaches of the SEBT. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Three-dimensional joint kinematics of the hip and knee at the time of touchdown of the SEBT and integrated electromyography of each muscle were recorded during the descent phase of the SEBT. Coactivation ratios between the GMED and AL were calculated (GMED\/AL). Pain level was assessed at the baseline and during performance of the SEBT, using a visual analog scale. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Participants with PFP demonstrated decreased GMED\/AL coactivation ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01) and shorter reach distance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01) during anterior reach of the SEBT compared with the CON group. Participants with PFP demonstrated higher pain levels at baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.03) and during test performance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) compared with the CON group and increased pain level during the test performance compared with the baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). No other significant differences were observed. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> There were alterations in muscle activity during SEBT performance, suggesting that overactivity of AL relative to GMED is a unique neural recruitment pattern in those with PFP. However, hip and knee joint kinematics did not seem to contribute to deficits in the anterior reach distance, suggesting a need for continued assessment of these deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2016-0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T14:37:16Z","timestamp":1500302236000},"page":"505-512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Lower-Extremity Muscle Activity, Kinematics, and Dynamic Postural Control in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shiho","family":"Goto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Aminaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip A.","family":"Gribble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"ref1011","first-page":"121","article-title":"Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion influences dynamic balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability","volume":"8","author":"Basnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref281","volume-title":"Anatomical Guide for the Electromyographer: The Limbs and the Trunk","author":"Perotto","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02667.x","article-title":"Does the clinically significant difference in visual analog scale pain scores vary with gender, age, or cause of pain?","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref1071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021575","article-title":"Changes in muscle activity with increasing running speed","volume":"23","author":"Kyrolainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2885","article-title":"Differences in hip kinematics, muscle strength, and muscle activation between subjects with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"39","author":"Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.7","article-title":"Concentric and eccentric torque of the hip musculature in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"44","author":"Boling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.11.686","article-title":"The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2004.12.006","article-title":"Is anterior knee pain a predisposing factor to patellofemoral osteoarthritis?","volume":"12","author":"Utting","year":"2005","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.021","article-title":"Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain","volume":"30","author":"de Oliveira Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.021","article-title":"Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain","volume":"30","author":"de Oliveira Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000093918.26658.6a","article-title":"Electromyography of the quadriceps in patellofemoral pain with patellar subluxation","volume":"415","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref971","volume-title":"Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation","author":"Neumann","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref311","volume-title":"Anatomic Guide for the Electromyographer \u2014The Limbs","author":"Delagi","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00996.x","article-title":"Gender differences in the incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Boling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466050-00010","article-title":"Patellofemoral contact pressures. 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