{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T10:35:29Z","timestamp":1775558129321,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Little research has examined health-related quality of life in former National Football League (NFL) players. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Examine the association of musculoskeletal injury history and current self-reported physical and mental health in former NFL players. <jats:italic><jats:bold><jats:bold>Setting: <\/jats:bold><\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>Cross-sectional questionnaire.<jats:italic><jats:bold> Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Historical cohort of 2,103 former NFL players that played at least one season between 1940 and 2001. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Intervention<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Players were grouped by self-reported professional career musculoskeletal injury history and whether injuries affected current health: (1) no musculoskeletal injury history; (2) musculoskeletal injury history, currently affected by injuries; and (3) musculoskeletal injury history, not currently affected by injuries. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The Short Form 36 Measurement Model for Functional Assessment of Health and Well-Being (SF-36) yielded physical and mental health composite scores (PCS and MCS, respectively); higher scores indicated better health. Multivariable linear regression computed mean differences (MD) among injury groups. Covariates included demographics, playing history characteristics, surgical intervention for musculoskeletal injuries, and whether injury resulted in premature end to career. MD with 95% CI excluding 0.00 were deemed significant. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Overall, 90.3% reported at least one musculoskeletal injury during their professional football careers, of which 74.8% reported being affected by their injuries at time of survey completion. Adjusting for covariates, mean PCS in the \u201cinjury and affected\u201d group was lower than the \u201cno injury\u201d (MD\u2009=\u2009\u22123.2; 95% CI: \u22124.8, \u22121.7) and \u201cinjury and not affected\u201d groups (MD\u2009=\u2009\u22124.3; 95% CI: \u22125.4, \u22123.3); mean MCS did not differ. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Many players reported musculoskeletal injuries, highlighting the need for developing and evaluating injury management interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2020-0231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:26:52Z","timestamp":1611566812000},"page":"760-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Musculoskeletal Injury History Is Associated With Lower Physical and Mental Health in a Historical Cohort of Former National Football League Players"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Zachary Y.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Prim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.D.","family":"DeFreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Guskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"811","article-title":"Early cardiovascular mortality in professional football players: fact or fiction?","volume":"122","author":"Selden MA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Selden MA, Helzberg JH, Waeckerle JF. 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