{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:12:17Z","timestamp":1782875537841,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> An Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning theory-based motor learning intervention delivering autonomy support and enhanced expectancies (EE) shows promise for reducing cognitive-motor dual-task costs, or the relative difference in primary task performance when completed with and without a secondary cognitive task, that facilitate adaptive injury-resistant movement response. The current pilot study sought to determine the effectiveness of an autonomy support versus an EE-enhanced virtual reality motor learning intervention to reduce dual-task costs during single-leg balance. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Within-subjects 3\u2009\u00d7\u20093 trial. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Twenty-one male and 24 female participants, between the ages of 18 and 30\u00a0years, with no history of concussion, vertigo, lower-extremity surgery, or lower-extremity injuries the previous 6\u00a0months, were recruited for training sessions on consecutive days. Training consisted of 5\u2009\u00d7\u20098 single-leg squats on each leg, during which all participants mimicked an avatar through virtual reality goggles. The autonomy support group chose an avatar color, and the EE group received positive kinematic biofeedback. Baseline, immediate, and delayed retention testing consisted of single-leg balancing under single- and dual-task conditions. Mixed-model analysis of variances compared dual-task costs for center of pressure velocity and SD between groups on each limb. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> On the right side, dual-task costs for anterior\u2013posterior center of pressure mean and SD were reduced in the EE group (mean \u0394\u2009=\u2009\u221251.40, Cohen <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.80 and SD \u0394\u2009=\u2009\u221266.00%, Cohen <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.88) compared with the control group (mean \u0394\u2009=\u2009\u221222.09, Cohen <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.33 and SD \u0394\u2009=\u2009\u221236.10%, Cohen <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.68) from baseline to immediate retention. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> These findings indicate that EE strategies that can be easily implemented in a clinic or sport setting may be superior to task-irrelevant AS approaches for influencing injury-resistant movement adaptations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2021-0226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T23:38:07Z","timestamp":1655768287000},"page":"1023-1030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immersive Real-Time Biofeedback Optimized With Enhanced Expectancies Improves Motor Learning: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Progressive Health, Smyrna, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jed A.","family":"Diekfuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha B.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Music City Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colton T.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Covenant Health, Leconte Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shellie N.","family":"Acocello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Myer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary B.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515621554","article-title":"Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"44","author":"Wiggins AJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiggins AJ, Grandhi RK, Schneider DK, Stanfield D, Webster KE, Myer GD. 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