{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:43:42Z","timestamp":1774982622575,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Limited evidence exists to demonstrate the effect of extrinsic factors, such as footwear worn or the testing environment, on performance of the modified balance error scoring system (mBESS) in the middle school age (10\u201314\u00a0y) population. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of footwear types and testing environments on performance of the mBESS by middle school athletes. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Cross-sectional. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> In total, 2667 middle school athletes (55.9% boys and 44.1% girls; age\u2009=\u200912.3 [0.94]\u00a0y) were administered the mBESS while wearing their self-selected footwear (barefoot, cleats, or shoes) either indoors (basketball court) or outdoors (football field or track). The number of errors committed (range\u2009=\u20090\u201310) during the double-leg, single-leg, and tandem stances of the mBESS were summed to calculate a total score (range\u2009=\u20090\u201330). Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests were used to assess for differences among the footwear groups for each mBESS stance and the total score. Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> tests with calculated nonparametric effect sizes (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>) were used to assess for differences between the footwear groups and testing environments when appropriate. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> There were significant differences for the number of committed errors among the footwear groups in the single-leg (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and tandem (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) stances of the mBESS and mBESS total scores (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Significantly fewer errors (better) were committed while wearing shoes compared with other footwear in the single-leg and tandem stances of the mBESS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2264\u2009.032, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.07\u2013.13). Participants assessed indoors committed significantly fewer errors than those assessed outdoors in each stance of the mBESS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2264\u2009.022, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04\u2013.14). Lower (better) mBESS total scores were observed for participants while wearing shoes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2264\u2009.002, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.10\u2013.15) or assessed indoors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.14). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic> Although our data suggest that the type of footwear worn and the testing environment have a significant effect on mBESS scores of middle school athletes, the magnitudes of these differences are negligible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2021-0396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T14:06:15Z","timestamp":1657721175000},"page":"9-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Footwear Type and Testing Environment Do Not Affect Baseline Modified Balance Error Scoring System Performance Among Middle School Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Nicholas K.","family":"Erdman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Education Program, Sports Medicine Assessment, Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Kelshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Hacherl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Education Program, Sports Medicine Assessment, Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane V.","family":"Caswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletic Training Education Program, Sports Medicine Assessment, Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"r1","series-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6708a1","article-title":"Youth risk behavior surveillance\u2014United States, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Kann L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et\u00a0al. Youth risk behavior surveillance\u2014United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018;67(8):1\u2013114. Doi:10.15585\/mmwr.ss6708a1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00516","article-title":"Time interval between concussions and symptom duration","volume":"132","author":"Eisenberg MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eisenberg MA, Andrea J, Meehan W, Mannix R. Time interval between concussions and symptom duration. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):8\u201317. PubMed ID: 23753087 doi:10.1542\/peds.2013-043210.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00516"},{"issue":"2","key":"r3","series-title":"Mil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1723165","article-title":"Sports-related concussions in youth: improving the science, changing the culture","volume":"180","author":"Graham R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graham R, Rivara F, Ford M, Mason Spicer M. Sports-related concussions in youth: improving the science, changing the culture. Mil Med. 2015;180(2):123\u2013125. doi:10.7205\/milmed-d-14-0051610.1080\/02699052.2020.1723165"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Brain Inj","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07","article-title":"Examination of sports and recreation-related concussion among youth ages 12\u201317: results from the 2018 YouthStyles survey","volume":"34","author":"Sarmiento K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarmiento K, Daugherty J, DePadilla L, Breiding MJ. Examination of sports and recreation-related concussion among youth ages 12\u201317: results from the 2018 YouthStyles survey. Brain Inj. 2020;34(3):357\u2013362. PubMed ID: 32013618 doi:10.1080\/02699052.2020.172316510.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"245","article-title":"National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: management of sport concussion","volume":"49","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Cantu RC, Gioia GA, et\u00a0al. National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: management of sport concussion. J Athl Train. 2014;49(2):245\u2013265. PubMed ID: 24601910 doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"838","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014The 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory P","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, et\u00a0al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014The 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838\u2013847. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-322-18","article-title":"Effects of mild head injury on postural stability as measured through clinical balance testing","volume":"35","author":"Riemann BL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Riemann BL, Guskiewicz KM. Effects of mild head injury on postural stability as measured through clinical balance testing. J Athl Train. 2000;35(1):19\u201325. PubMed ID: 1655860310.4085\/1062-6050-322-18"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2016.1146965","article-title":"Athletic trainers\u2019 concussion-assessment and concussion-management practices: an update","volume":"55","author":"Lempke LB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lempke LB, Schmidt JD, Lynall RC. Athletic trainers\u2019 concussion-assessment and concussion-management practices: an update. J Athl Train. 2020;55(1):17\u201326. PubMed ID: 31855075 doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-322-1810.3109\/02699052.2016.1146965"},{"issue":"7","key":"r9","series-title":"Brain Inj","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000285","article-title":"Reference values for the balance error scoring system in adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Alsalaheen B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alsalaheen B, McClafferty A, Haines J, Smith L, Yorke A. Reference values for the balance error scoring system in adolescents. Brain Inj. 2016;30(7):914\u2013918. PubMed ID: 27057617 doi:10.3109\/02699052.2016.114696510.1097\/JSM.0000000000000285"},{"issue":"6","key":"r10","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-129-17","article-title":"A normative dataset of the balance error scoring system in children aged between 5 and 14","volume":"26","author":"Hansen C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen C, Cushman D, Anderson N, et\u00a0al. A normative dataset of the balance error scoring system in children aged between 5 and 14. Clin J Sport Med. 2016;26(6):497\u2013501. PubMed ID: 27783573 doi:10.1097\/JSM.000000000000028510.4085\/1062-6050-129-17"},{"issue":"7","key":"r11","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000921","article-title":"Normative performance on the balance error scoring system by youth, high school, and collegiate athletes","volume":"53","author":"Ozinga SJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ozinga SJ, Linder SM, Koop MM, et\u00a0al. Normative performance on the balance error scoring system by youth, high school, and collegiate athletes. J Athl Train. 2018;53(7):636\u2013645. PubMed ID: 30109948 doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-129-1710.1097\/JSM.0000000000000921"},{"issue":"2","key":"r12","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.02.003","article-title":"Child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition: normative reference values in demographically diverse youth","volume":"32","author":"Kelshaw PM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelshaw PM, Cook NE, Terry DP, Iverson GL, Caswell SV. Child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition: normative reference values in demographically diverse youth. Clin J Sport Med. 2022;32(2):e126\u2013e133. doi:10.1097\/jsm.000000000000092110.1016\/j.jsams.2022.02.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"r13","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"492","article-title":"Interpreting change on the child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition","volume":"25","author":"Kelshaw PM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelshaw PM, Cook NE, Terry DP, Cortes N, Iverson GL, Caswell SV. Interpreting change on the child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition. J Sci Med Sport. 2022;25(6):492\u2013498. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.02.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112467755","article-title":"On-field testing environment and balance error scoring system performance during preseason screening of healthy collegiate baseball players","volume":"42","author":"Onate JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Onate JA, Beck BC. On-field testing environment and balance error scoring system performance during preseason screening of healthy collegiate baseball players. J Athl Train. 2007;42(4):446\u2013451. PubMed ID: 1817493110.1177\/1941738112467755"},{"issue":"1","key":"r15","series-title":"Sports Health Multidiscip Approach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2016-000117","article-title":"The balance error scoring system learned response among young adults","volume":"5","author":"Mulligan IJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mulligan IJ, Boland MA, McIlhenny CV. The balance error scoring system learned response among young adults. Sports Health Multidiscip Approach. 2013;5(1):22\u201326. doi:10.1177\/194173811246775510.1136\/bmjsem-2016-000117"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.12.010","article-title":"Modified balance error scoring system (M-BESS) test scores in athletes wearing protective equipment and cleats","volume":"2","author":"Azad AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azad AM, Al Juma S, Bhatti JA, Delaney JS. Modified balance error scoring system (M-BESS) test scores in athletes wearing protective equipment and cleats. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016;2(1):e000117. PubMed ID: 27900181 doi:10.1136\/bmjsem-2016-00011710.1016\/j.jsams.2007.12.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"r17","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000141","article-title":"The influence of ankle support on postural control","volume":"12","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Monk A, Sopiarz K, Cooper ER. The influence of ankle support on postural control. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12(3):388\u2013392. PubMed ID: 18550434 doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.12.01010.1097\/JSM.0000000000000141"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.05.019","article-title":"Sideline performance of the balance error scoring system during a live sporting event","volume":"25","author":"Rahn C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahn C, Munkasy BA, Barry Joyner A, Buckley TA. Sideline performance of the balance error scoring system during a live sporting event. Clin J Sport Med. 2015;25(3):248\u2013253. PubMed ID: 25098674 doi:10.1097\/JSM.000000000000014110.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.05.019"},{"issue":"3","key":"r19","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3997-6","article-title":"Barefoot vs common footwear: a systematic review of the kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity differences during walking","volume":"42","author":"Franklin S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Franklin S, Grey MJ, Heneghan N, Bowen L, Li FX. Barefoot vs common footwear: a systematic review of the kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity differences during walking. Gait Posture. 2015;42(3):230\u2013239. PubMed ID: 26220400 doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.05.01910.1007\/s00421-018-3997-6"},{"issue":"12","key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","first-page":"2699","article-title":"Effects of barefoot and footwear conditions on learning of a dynamic balance task: a randomized controlled study","volume":"118","author":"Zech A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zech A, Meining S, H\u00f6tting K, Liebl D, Mattes K, Hollander K. Effects of barefoot and footwear conditions on learning of a dynamic balance task: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(12):2699\u20132706. PubMed ID: 30267226 doi:10.1007\/s00421-018-3997-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"r21","series-title":"Int J Ex Sci","first-page":"206","article-title":"Young adults performance of unipedal dynamic balance with various footwear conditions","volume":"13","author":"Smith BS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith BS, Hartman AH, Martin DM, Simmonds JA, Truong CR. Young adults performance of unipedal dynamic balance with various footwear conditions. Int J Ex Sci. 2020;13(4):206\u2013215."},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"Int J Sport Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116633437","article-title":"Effects of wearing athletic shoes, five-toed shoes, and standing barefoot on balance performance in young adults","volume":"10","author":"Smith BS","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith BS, Burton B, Johnson D, Kendrick S, Meyer E, Yuan W. Effects of wearing athletic shoes, five-toed shoes, and standing barefoot on balance performance in young adults. Int J Sport Phys Ther. 2015;10(1):69\u201374.10.1177\/1941738116633437"},{"issue":"3","key":"r23","series-title":"Sports Health Multidiscip Approach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000475998","article-title":"Examination of age-related differences on clinical tests of postural stability","volume":"8","author":"Breen EO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breen EO, Howell DR, Stracciolini A, Dawkins C, Meehan WP. Examination of age-related differences on clinical tests of postural stability. Sports Health Multidiscip Approach. 2016;8(3):244\u2013249. doi:10.1177\/194173811663343710.1159\/000475998"},{"issue":"4","key":"r24","series-title":"Ann Nutr Metab","first-page":"329","article-title":"Physical growth and biological maturation of children and adolescents: proposed reference curves","volume":"70","author":"Portella DL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Portella DL, Arruda M, G\u00f3mez-Campos R, Portella GC, Andruske CL, Cossio-Bola\u00f1os MA. Physical growth and biological maturation of children and adolescents: proposed reference curves. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70(4):329\u2013337. doi:10.1159\/000475998"},{"issue":"11","key":"r25","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"The child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (Child SCAT5): background and rationale","volume":"51","author":"Davis GA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis GA, Purcell L, Schneider KJ, et\u00a0al. The child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (Child SCAT5): background and rationale. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):859\u2013861. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-09749210.1037\/a0024338"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz C, Morris P, Richler J. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2\u201318. PubMed ID: 21823805 doi:10.1037\/a0024338"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behvaioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behvaioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Erlbaum; 1988."},{"key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Digest of Education Statistics. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d20\/tables\/dt20_203.70.asp. Accessed October 22, 2021.10.1093\/ageing\/24.1.67","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/24.1.67"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Age Ageing","first-page":"67","article-title":"Proprioception and stability: foot position awareness as a function of age and footwear","volume":"24","author":"Robbins S","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robbins S, Waked E, McClaran J. Proprioception and stability: foot position awareness as a function of age and footwear. Age Ageing. 1995;24(1):67\u201372. PubMed ID: 7762465 doi:10.1093\/ageing\/24.1.67."},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5072","article-title":"A review of their sensorimotor and mechanical effects on balance performance and gait in older adults","volume":"103","author":"Hatton AL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hatton AL, Rome K, Dixon J, Martin DJ, McKeon PO. A review of their sensorimotor and mechanical effects on balance performance and gait in older adults. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013;103(6):18.10.1089\/neu.2017.5072"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0432","article-title":"Longitudinal improvement in balance error scoring system scores among NCAA division-I football athletes","volume":"35","author":"Mathiasen R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathiasen R, Hogrefe C, Harland K, Peterson A, Smoot MK. Longitudinal improvement in balance error scoring system scores among NCAA division-I football athletes. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(4):691\u2013694. PubMed ID: 29149800 doi:10.1089\/neu.2017.507210.1542\/peds.2013-0432"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/32\/1\/article-p9.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/32\/1\/article-p9.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/32\/1\/article-p9.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:55:47Z","timestamp":1672361747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/32\/1\/article-p9.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2021-0396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-6716","1543-3072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-6716","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-3072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}}}