{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:22:16Z","timestamp":1770142936068,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Posterior shoulder tightness evaluated as limited glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction is a risk factor for throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries. Given that the throwing motion uses the entire body kinematics, limited lower-limb flexibility might be associated with posterior shoulder tightness. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationships between posterior shoulder tightness and lower-limb flexibility in college baseball players. Design<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>: Cross-sectional study. Setting<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> University laboratory. Participants<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Twenty-two college baseball players (20 right-handed and 2 left-handed). Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To investigate the relationships between glenohumeral range of motion and lower-limb flexibility using simple linear regression analysis, we measured passive range of motion of glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction, hip internal\/external rotation in the prone\/sitting position, ankle dorsiflexion, and quadriceps and hamstrings flexibility from both shoulders and legs. Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Our analysis indicated that decreases in the lead leg hip external rotation in the prone position were moderately associated with limitations in glenohumeral internal rotation (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.250, \u03b2<\/jats:italic> [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.500 [0.149 to 1.392], P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.018) and horizontal adduction (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.200, \u03b2<\/jats:italic> [95% CI] = 0.447 [0.051 to 1.499], P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.019) on the throwing shoulder. Furthermore, there were significant moderate relationships between decreases in glenohumeral internal rotation and limited lead leg quadriceps flexibility (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.189, \u03b2<\/jats:italic> [95% CI] = 0.435 [0.019 to 1.137], P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.022), and between decreases in glenohumeral horizontal adduction and limited stance leg ankle dorsiflexion (R<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.243, \u03b2<\/jats:italic> [95% CI] = 0.493 [0.139 to 1.438], P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.010). Conclusion<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> College baseball players with limited lower-limb flexibilities including the lead leg hip external rotation in the prone position, the lead leg quadriceps flexibility, and the stance leg ankle dorsiflexion showed excessive posterior shoulder tightness. The current results support the hypothesis that lower-limb flexibility is associated with posterior shoulder tightness in college baseball players.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2022-0205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T17:19:14Z","timestamp":1683307154000},"page":"655-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relationship Between Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Lower-Limb Flexibility in College Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7854-218X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomonobu","family":"Ishigaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Hirokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Ezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Human Science Course, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"r1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Shoulder range of motion and baseball arm injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Bullock GS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bullock GS, Faherty MS, Ledbetter L, Thigpen CA, Sell TC. 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