{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:16:23Z","timestamp":1777965383338,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The utility of baseline vestibular and ocular motor screening (VOMS) in high school and collegiate athletes is demonstrated throughout the literature; however, baseline VOMS data at the youth level are limited. In addition, with the recent adoption of the change scoring method, there is a need to document baseline VOMS total and change scores in a pediatric population. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> To document baseline VOMS total and change scores and to document the internal consistency of the VOMS in pediatric soccer athletes. We hypothesized that the VOMS would demonstrate strong internal consistency in pediatric soccer athletes. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Cross-sectional study. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Pediatric soccer athletes (N\u2009=\u2009110; range\u2009=\u20095\u201312\u00a0y) completed the VOMS at baseline. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic information, VOMS total scores, and VOMS change scores. Cronbach <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> assessed internal consistency for VOMS total scores and change scores. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Twenty-one (19.1%) participants had at least one total score above clinical cutoffs (\u22652 on any VOMS component and \u22655\u00a0cm on average near point convergence). Forty (36.4%) participants had at least one change score above clinical cutoffs (\u22651 on any VOMS component and \u22653\u00a0cm on average near point convergence). The internal consistency was strong for total scores with all VOMS components included (Cronbach <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.80) and change scores (Cronbach <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.89). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Although results suggest VOMS items measure distinct components of the vestibular and ocular motor systems, caution should be taken when interpreting VOMS total and change scores in pediatric athletes, as overreporting symptoms is common, thereby impacting the false-positive rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2022-0327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1695823842000},"page":"5-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preliminary Baseline Vestibular Ocular Motor Screening Scores in Pediatric Soccer Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-6663","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Morgan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Therapy and Research, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3790-2385","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Albion College, Albion, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-7320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Zynda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-9087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alyssa","family":"Pollard-McGrandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-2477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan C.","family":"Loftin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-0185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tracey","family":"Covassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"Pediatrics","article-title":"Sports- and recreation-related concussions in US Youth","volume":"138","author":"Bryan MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bryan MA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Comstock RD, Rivara F. Sports- and recreation-related concussions in US Youth. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20154635. doi:10.1542\/peds.2015-4635"},{"issue":"10","key":"r2","series-title":"Orthop J Sports Med","article-title":"Concussions in soccer: an epidemiological analysis in the pediatric population","volume":"8","author":"Chatha K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chatha K, Pruis T, Peaguda CF, et\u00a0al. Concussions in soccer: an epidemiological analysis in the pediatric population. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(10):51077. doi:10.1177\/2325967120951077"},{"issue":"2","key":"r3","series-title":"Sci Med Football","first-page":"87","article-title":"Concussions in U.S. youth soccer players: results from the U.S. soccer online concussion survey","volume":"4","author":"Kontos AP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Eagle SR, Putukian M, Kirkendall D, Chiampas G, Kaminski T. Concussions in U.S. youth soccer players: results from the U.S. soccer online concussion survey. Sci Med Football. 2020;4(2):87\u201392. doi:10.1080\/24733938.2020.1736327"},{"issue":"11","key":"r4","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"838","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5(th) international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory P","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, et\u00a0al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5(th) international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838\u2013847. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"issue":"3","key":"r5","series-title":"J Neurosurg: Pediatr","first-page":"248","article-title":"Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in pediatric sports-related concussion","volume":"16","author":"Ellis MJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis MJ, Cordingley D, Vis S, Reimer K, Leiter J, Russell K. Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in pediatric sports-related concussion. J Neurosurg: Pediatr. 2015;16(3):248\u2013255. doi:10.3171\/2015.1.peds14524"},{"issue":"5","key":"r6","series-title":"J. Pediatr","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Vestibular deficits following youth concussion","volume":"166","author":"Corwin DJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corwin DJ, Wiebe DJ, Zonfrillo MR, et\u00a0al. Vestibular deficits following youth concussion. J. Pediatr. 2015;166(5):1221\u20131225. doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.01.039"},{"issue":"10","key":"r7","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2479","article-title":"A brief Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment to evaluate concussions","volume":"42","author":"Mucha A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mucha A, Collins MW, Elbin RJ, et\u00a0al. A brief Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment to evaluate concussions. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(10):2479\u20132486. doi:10.1177\/0363546514543775"},{"issue":"2","key":"r8","series-title":"Sports Health","first-page":"174","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the vestibular\/ocular motor screening and associations with common concussion screening tools","volume":"9","author":"Yorke AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yorke AM, Smith L, Babcock M, Alsalaheen B. Validity and reliability of the vestibular\/ocular motor screening and associations with common concussion screening tools. Sports Health. 2017;9(2):174\u2013180. doi:10.1177\/1941738116678411"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9","series-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther","first-page":"142","article-title":"Prospective changes in vestibular and ocular motor impairment after concussion","volume":"42","author":"Elbin RJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elbin RJ, Sufrinko A, Anderson MN, et\u00a0al. Prospective changes in vestibular and ocular motor impairment after concussion. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2018;42(3):142\u2013148. doi:10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000230"},{"issue":"4","key":"r10","series-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther","first-page":"331","article-title":"Changes in vestibular\/ocular-motor screen scores in adolescents treated with vestibular therapy after concussion","volume":"32","author":"Alsalaheen B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alsalaheen B, Carender W, Grzesiak M, et\u00a0al. Changes in vestibular\/ocular-motor screen scores in adolescents treated with vestibular therapy after concussion. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2020;32(4):331\u2013337. doi:10.1097\/Pep.0000000000000729"},{"issue":"4","key":"r11","series-title":"J Neurosurg: Pediatr","first-page":"465","article-title":"Premorbid migraine history as a risk factor for vestibular and oculomotor baseline concussion assessment in pediatric athletes","volume":"23","author":"Moran RN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moran RN, Covassin T, Wallace J. Premorbid migraine history as a risk factor for vestibular and oculomotor baseline concussion assessment in pediatric athletes. J Neurosurg: Pediatr. 2019;23(4):465\u2013470. doi:10.3171\/2018.10.peds18425"},{"issue":"3","key":"r12","series-title":"Appl Neuropsychol: Child","first-page":"276","article-title":"Effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability on vestibular and ocular baseline concussion assessment in pediatric athletes","volume":"10","author":"Moran RN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moran RN, Wallace J, Murray NG, Covassin T. Effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability on vestibular and ocular baseline concussion assessment in pediatric athletes. Appl Neuropsychol: Child. 2021;10(3):276\u2013282. doi:10.1080\/21622965.2019.1683453"},{"issue":"12","key":"r13","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Acute sport concussion assessment optimization: a prospective assessment from the CARE consortium","volume":"49","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Harezlak J, Katz B, Zhao S, McAllister T, McCrea M. Acute sport concussion assessment optimization: a prospective assessment from the CARE consortium. Sports Med. 2019;49(12):1977\u20131987. doi:10.1007\/s40279-019-01155-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Reliability and normative reference values for the Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool in youth athletes","volume":"46","author":"Moran RN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moran RN, Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Gould D, Nogle S. Reliability and normative reference values for the Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool in youth athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(6):1475\u20131480. doi:10.1177\/0363546518756979"},{"issue":"6","key":"r15","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1400","article-title":"Reliability and associated risk factors for performance on the Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool in healthy collegiate athletes","volume":"44","author":"Kontos AP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Sufrinko A, Elbin RJ, Puskar A, Collins MW. Reliability and associated risk factors for performance on the Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool in healthy collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(6):1400\u20131406. doi:10.1177\/0363546516632754"},{"issue":"8","key":"r16","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2004","article-title":"Test performance and test-retest reliability of the vestibular\/ocular motor screening and king-Devick test in adolescent athletes during a competitive sport season","volume":"46","author":"Worts PR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Worts PR, Schatz P, Burkhart SO. Test performance and test-retest reliability of the vestibular\/ocular motor screening and king-Devick test in adolescent athletes during a competitive sport season. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(8):2004\u20132010. doi:10.1177\/0363546518768750"},{"issue":"4","key":"r17","series-title":"Appl Neuropsychol: Child","first-page":"591","article-title":"Using change scores on the vestibular ocular motor screening (VOMS) tool to identify concussion in adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Elbin RJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elbin RJ, Eagle SR, Marchetti GF, et\u00a0al. Using change scores on the vestibular ocular motor screening (VOMS) tool to identify concussion in adolescents. Appl Neuropsychol: Child. 2022:11(4):591\u2013597. doi:10.1080\/21622965.2021.1911806"},{"issue":"11","key":"r18","series-title":"Br J Sport Med","first-page":"859","article-title":"The child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (child SCAT5): background and rationale","volume":"51","author":"Davis GA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis GA, Purcell L, Schneider KJ, et\u00a0al. The child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (child SCAT5): background and rationale. Br J Sport Med. 2017;51(11):859\u2013861. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097492"},{"issue":"7080","key":"r19","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"572","article-title":"Statistics notes: Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"314","author":"Bland JM","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistics notes: Cronbach\u2019s alpha. BMJ. 1997;314(7080):572\u2013572. doi:10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.572"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications","author":"DeVellis R","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeVellis R. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Sage; 2003."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally J, Bernstein L. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill Higher, INC; 1994."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"The Basic Practice of Statistics","author":"Moore DS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moore DS, Kirkland S. The Basic Practice of Statistics (Vol 2). WH Freeman New York; 2007."},{"issue":"10","key":"r23","series-title":"J Athl Training","first-page":"749","article-title":"Concussion-like symptoms in child and youth athletes at baseline: what is \u201ctypical\u201d?","volume":"51","author":"Hunt AW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hunt AW, Paniccia M, Reed N, Keightley M. Concussion-like symptoms in child and youth athletes at baseline: what is \u201ctypical\u201d? J Athl Training. 2016;51(10):749\u2013757. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-51.11.12"},{"issue":"2","key":"r24","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"195","article-title":"Multimodal evaluation and management of children with concussion: using our heads and available evidence","volume":"29","author":"Gioia GA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gioia GA. Multimodal evaluation and management of children with concussion: using our heads and available evidence. Brain Inj. 2015;29(2):195\u2013206. doi:10.3109\/02699052.2014.965210"},{"issue":"4","key":"r25","series-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsych","first-page":"348","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the postconcussion symptom inventory in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Sady MD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sady MD, Vaughan CG, Gioia GA. Psychometric characteristics of the postconcussion symptom inventory in children and adolescents. Arch Clin Neuropsych. 2014;29(4):348\u2013363. doi:10.1093\/arclin\/acu014"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"321","article-title":"Relationship between concussion history and concussion knowledge, attitudes, and disclosure behavior in high school athletes","volume":"27","author":"Register-Mihalik JK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Register-Mihalik JK, McLeod TCV, Linnan LA, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW. Relationship between concussion history and concussion knowledge, attitudes, and disclosure behavior in high school athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;27(3):321\u2013324. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000349"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"718","article-title":"Prevalence and diagnosis of vestibular disorders in children: a review","volume":"78","author":"Gioacchini FM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gioacchini FM, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Kaleci S, Magliulo G, Re M. Prevalence and diagnosis of vestibular disorders in children: a review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78(5):718\u2013724. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.02.009"},{"issue":"9","key":"r28","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Prevalence of vestibular and balance disorders in children","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Reilly RC","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly RC, Morlet T, Nicholas BD, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of vestibular and balance disorders in children. Otol Neurotol. 2010;31(9):1441\u20131444. doi:10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181f20673"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Dev Neuropsychol","first-page":"7","article-title":"Oculomotor and neurocognitive assessment of youth ice hockey players: baseline associations and observations after concussion","volume":"40","author":"Vernau BT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vernau BT, Grady MF, Goodman A, et\u00a0al. Oculomotor and neurocognitive assessment of youth ice hockey players: baseline associations and observations after concussion. Dev Neuropsychol. 2015;40(1):7\u201311. doi:10.1080\/87565641.2014.971955"},{"issue":"7","key":"r30","series-title":"Optom Vis Sci","first-page":"506","article-title":"Normative values for the nearpoint of convergence of elementary schoolchildren","volume":"75","author":"Hayes GJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hayes GJ, Cohen BE, Rouse MW, De Land PN. Normative values for the nearpoint of convergence of elementary schoolchildren. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75(7):506\u2013512. doi:10.1097\/00006324-199807000-00019"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"e240","article-title":"Test order does not affect vestibular\/ocular motor screening item scores in high school athletes","volume":"31","author":"D\u2019Amico NR","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico NR, Elbin R, Sufrinko A, et\u00a0al. Test order does not affect vestibular\/ocular motor screening item scores in high school athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2021;31(5):e240\u2013e244. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000776"},{"issue":"6","key":"r32","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"794","article-title":"Vestibular and oculomotor findings in neurologically-normal, non-concussed children","volume":"32","author":"Corwin DJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corwin DJ, Zonfrillo MR, Wiebe DJ, Master CL, Grady MF, Arbogast KB. Vestibular and oculomotor findings in neurologically-normal, non-concussed children. Brain Inj. 2018;32(6):794\u2013799. doi:10.1080\/02699052.2018.1458150"},{"issue":"8","key":"r33","series-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsych","first-page":"963","article-title":"Concussion-like symptom reporting in non-concussed collegiate athletes","volume":"32","author":"Asken BM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asken BM, Snyder AR, Clugston JR, Gaynor LS, Sullan MJ, Bauer RM. Concussion-like symptom reporting in non-concussed collegiate athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsych. 2017;32(8):963\u2013971. doi:10.1093\/arclin\/acx018"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"J Neurosurg: Pediatr","first-page":"609","article-title":"The Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening\u2013Child (VOMS-C) tool for concussion evaluation in 5- to 9-year-old pediatric patients: preliminary evidence","volume":"30","author":"Trbovich AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trbovich AM, Mucha A, Eagle S, et\u00a0al. The Vestibular\/Ocular Motor Screening\u2013Child (VOMS-C) tool for concussion evaluation in 5- to 9-year-old pediatric patients: preliminary evidence. J Neurosurg: Pediatr. 2022;30:609\u2013615. doi:10.3171\/2022.8.peds22234"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/33\/1\/article-p5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/33\/1\/article-p5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/33\/1\/article-p5.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T19:21:01Z","timestamp":1703877661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/33\/1\/article-p5.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2022-0327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-6716","1543-3072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-6716","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-3072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}}}