{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:51:07Z","timestamp":1788997867199,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Sport and physical activity (PA) programs are an important developmental resource for youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. The purpose of this study is to assess sport participation rates, PA participation, and after-school supervision rates among African American children with ADHD and\/or Disruptive Behavior Disorders. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> In this cross-sectional study, parents of African American children with elevated symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and\/or conduct disorder (N\u2009=\u2009175, 6- to 12-y-old, 31% female) reported after-school program participation over the past year. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Logistic regression analyses tested relationships between ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, and conduct disorder symptoms, likelihood of regular participation (\u22652\u00a0d\/wk) in sport, PA, and sedentary after-school programs, and likelihood of being supervised and unsupervised after school. All regressions controlled for age, sex, income, and medication status. Sample participation rates were descriptively compared with participation rates of same-aged peers regionally, and nationally, reported in 3 national surveys. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Parents in the local sample reported higher rates of sedentary after-school program participation (54%) but lower rates of PA program participation (31%), and sport participation (12%) compared with same-aged peers. The local sample was less likely to be unsupervised after-school compared with same-aged peers with only 27% of parents reporting that their child was unsupervised \u2265\u20092\u00a0days per week. Children endorsing oppositional defiant disorder (odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.05; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and conduct disorder (odds ratio\u2009=\u20095.74; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) were more likely to be <jats:italic>un<\/jats:italic>supervised more frequently after-school as compared with those not meeting endorsement. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Given demonstrated benefits of youth sport programming and observed inequities in participation, there is a need to develop support models that connect parents, coaches, and social services agencies to facilitate inclusion. Sports medicine professionals are uniquely positioned to contribute to these efforts, as they are often key opinion leaders in both the youth sport and health care contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1727235707000},"page":"4-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Engagement in Sedentary and Physically Active After-School Programs Among African American Children with ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3212-6073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jared D.","family":"Ramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-3991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda Enid","family":"Santiago-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4156-1026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana B.","family":"Rusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara G.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace E.","family":"Cua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-5678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stacy L.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-4123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc S.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6724-2202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karrie L.","family":"Hamstra-Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-4145","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo E.","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","article-title":"Children\u2019s mental health","unstructured":"CDC. 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