{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:45:56Z","timestamp":1782773156759,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Plantar intrinsic foot muscle strength training is difficult to master to a degree sufficient to elicit muscle hypertrophy in most individuals. It is possible that combining neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) can elicit plantar intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy regardless of the individual\u2019s technique. This study aimed to determine the effects of NMES training with BFR on acute muscle swelling in the abductor hallucis. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Forty-eight participants were randomly allocated to the NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR, NMES, or Sham NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR groups. All participants received abductor hallucis NMES for 15\u00a0minutes. Participants in the NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR and Sham NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR groups received NMES with BFR. The intensity of NMES was the sensory threshold in the Sham NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR group. The cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis was measured pretraining and posttraining using ultrasonography by a single investigator blinded to the participants\u2019 allocations. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> After 15\u00a0minutes of training, the cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis was significantly increased in the NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and the Sham NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.004) groups. Moreover, the rate of increase was significantly higher in the NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR group than in the NMES or the Sham NMES\u2009+\u2009BFR groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.001, respectively). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Since it is possible that the amount of muscle swelling immediately after training correlates with muscle hypertrophy when training is continued, the results of this study suggest that NMES training with BFR is a training method that can be expected to produce plantar intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy. Further studies are needed to confirm the long-term effects of NMES training with BFR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T17:58:09Z","timestamp":1703786289000},"page":"121-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Neuromuscular Electrostimulation With Blood Flow Restriction on Acute Muscle Swelling of the Abductor Hallucis"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Okamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manami","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuna","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taira","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"r1","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2003.10.003","article-title":"Intrinsic pedal musculature support of the medial longitudinal arch: an electromyography study","volume":"42","author":"Fiolkowski P","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fiolkowski P, Brunt D, Bishop M, Woo R, Horodyski M. Intrinsic pedal musculature support of the medial longitudinal arch: an electromyography study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;42(6):327\u2013333. doi:10.1053\/j.jfas.2003.10.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r2","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.11.004","article-title":"Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop","volume":"18","author":"Headlee DL","year":"2008","unstructured":"Headlee DL, Leonard JL, Hart JM, Ingersoll CD, Hertel J. Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18(3):420\u2013425. doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.11.004"},{"issue":"93","key":"r3","series-title":"J R Soc Interface","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.1188","article-title":"Intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to control deformation of the longitudinal arch","volume":"11","author":"Kelly LA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kelly LA, Cresswell AG, Racinais S, Whiteley R, Lichtwark G. Intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to control deformation of the longitudinal arch. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11(93):1188. doi:10.1098\/rsif.2013.1188"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.022","article-title":"Contributions of foot muscles and plantar fascia morphology to foot posture","volume":"61","author":"Angin S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angin S, Mickle KJ, Nester CJ. Contributions of foot muscles and plantar fascia morphology to foot posture. Gait Posture. 2018;61:238\u2013242. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.022"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.03.034","article-title":"Relationship between foot muscle morphology and severity of pronated foot deformity and foot kinematics during gait: A preliminary study","volume":"86","author":"Okamura K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okamura K, Egawa K, Ikeda T, Fukuda K, Kanai S. Relationship between foot muscle morphology and severity of pronated foot deformity and foot kinematics during gait: A preliminary study. Gait Posture. 2021;86:273\u2013277. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.03.034"},{"issue":"5","key":"r6","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181b8c270","article-title":"Biomechanical and anatomic factors associated with a history of plantar fasciitis in female runners","volume":"19","author":"Pohl MB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pohl MB, Hamill J, Davis IS. Biomechanical and anatomic factors associated with a history of plantar fasciitis in female runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(5):372\u2013376. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181b8c270"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Perm J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/13-113","article-title":"Plantar fasciitis: a concise review","volume":"18","author":"Schwartz EN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwartz EN, Su J. Plantar fasciitis: a concise review. Perm J. 2014;18(1):e105\u2013e107. doi:10.7812\/TPP\/13-113"},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Open Access J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S39331","article-title":"Risk factors associated with medial tibial stress syndrome in runners: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Newman P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newman P, Witchalls J, Waddington G, Adams R. Risk factors associated with medial tibial stress syndrome in runners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med. 2013;4:229\u2013241. doi:10.2147\/OAJSM.S39331"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.09.008","article-title":"Medial tibial stress syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Reshef N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reshef N, Guelich DR. Medial tibial stress syndrome. Clin Sports Med. 2012;31(2):273\u2013290. doi:10.1016\/j.csm.2011.09.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2010.08.001","article-title":"A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises","volume":"12","author":"Jung DY","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jung DY, Kim MH, Koh EK, Kwon OY, Cynn HS, Lee WH. A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises. Phys Ther Sport. 2011;12(1):30\u201335. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2010.08.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"r11","series-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2012-00363","article-title":"Comparison of muscle activities of abductor hallucis and adductor hallucis between the short foot and toe-spread-out exercises in subjects with mild hallux valgus","volume":"26","author":"Kim MH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim MH, Kwon OY, Kim SH, Jung DY. Comparison of muscle activities of abductor hallucis and adductor hallucis between the short foot and toe-spread-out exercises in subjects with mild hallux valgus. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2013;26(2):163\u2013168. doi:10.3233\/BMR-2012-00363"},{"issue":"4","key":"r12","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266525","article-title":"Effect of intrinsic foot muscles training on foot function and dynamic postural balance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wei Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Z, Zeng Z, Liu M, Wang L. Effect of intrinsic foot muscles training on foot function and dynamic postural balance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0266525. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0266525"},{"issue":"19","key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911994","article-title":"Effects of the short-foot exercise on foot alignment and muscle hypertrophy in flatfoot individuals: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Huang C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang C, Chen LY, Liao YH, Masodsai K, Lin YY. Effects of the short-foot exercise on foot alignment and muscle hypertrophy in flatfoot individuals: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):994. doi:10.3390\/ijerph191911994"},{"issue":"3","key":"r14","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American college of sports medicine position stand. progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","year":"2009","unstructured":"Medicine ACoS. American college of sports medicine position stand. progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687\u2013708. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670"},{"issue":"8","key":"r15","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000175090.49048.41","article-title":"Electromyostimulation training effects on neural drive and muscle architecture","volume":"37","author":"Gondin J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gondin J, Guette M, Ballay Y, Martin A. Electromyostimulation training effects on neural drive and muscle architecture. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(8):1291\u20131299. doi:10.1249\/01.mss.0000175090.49048.41"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Foot","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2018.01.006","article-title":"Does neuromuscular electrostimulation have the potential to increase intrinsic foot muscle strength?","volume":"35","author":"Ebrecht F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ebrecht F, Sichting F. Does neuromuscular electrostimulation have the potential to increase intrinsic foot muscle strength? Foot. 2018;35:56\u201362. doi:10.1016\/j.foot.2018.01.006"},{"issue":"9","key":"r17","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.4085\/418-20","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training","volume":"56","author":"Lorenz DS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lorenz DS, Bailey L, Wilk KE, Mangine RE, Head P, Grindstaff TL, et\u00a0al. Blood flow restriction training. J Athl Train. 2021;56(9):937\u2013944. doi:10.4085\/418-20"},{"issue":"12","key":"r18","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000722","article-title":"Effects of electrostimulation with blood flow restriction on muscle size and strength","volume":"47","author":"Natsume T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Natsume T, Ozaki H, Saito AI, Abe T, Naito H. Effects of electrostimulation with blood flow restriction on muscle size and strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(12):2621\u20132627. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000722"},{"issue":"2","key":"r19","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003478","article-title":"Relationship between muscle swelling and hypertrophy induced by resistance training","volume":"36","author":"Hirono T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirono T, Ikezoe T, Taniguchi M, et\u00a0al. Relationship between muscle swelling and hypertrophy induced by resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(2):359\u2013364. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003478"},{"issue":"1","key":"r20","series-title":"Gait Posture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.05.022","article-title":"Reliability of ultrasound for measurement of selected foot structures","volume":"39","author":"Crofts G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crofts G, Angin S, Mickle KJ, Hill S, Nester CJ. Reliability of ultrasound for measurement of selected foot structures. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):35\u201339. doi:10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.05.022"},{"issue":"2","key":"r21","series-title":"Behav Res Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u2013191. doi:10.3758\/bf03193146"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988."},{"issue":"10","key":"r23","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3","article-title":"The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training","volume":"24","author":"Schoenfeld BJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(10):2857\u20132872. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2017.11.032","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot motor function","volume":"30","author":"Fraser JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fraser JJ, Mangum LC, Hertel J. Test-retest reliability of ultrasound measures of intrinsic foot motor function. Phys Ther Sport. 2018;30:39\u201347. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2017.11.032"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-12","article-title":"Reliability of ultrasound to measure morphology of the toe flexor muscles","volume":"6","author":"Mickle KJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mickle KJ, Nester CJ, Crofts G, Steele JR. Reliability of ultrasound to measure morphology of the toe flexor muscles. J Foot Ankle Res. 2013;6(1):12. doi:10.1186\/1757-1146-6-12"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(79)90049-6","article-title":"Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat","volume":"6","author":"Le Bars D","year":"1979","unstructured":"Le Bars D, Dickenson AH, Besson JM. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat. Pain. 1979;6(3):283\u2013304. doi:10.1016\/0304-3959(79)90049-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Eur J Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/s1090-3801(02)00030-7","article-title":"Inhibitory effects do not depend on the subjective experience of pain during heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS): a contribution to the psychophysics of pain inhibition","volume":"6","author":"Lautenbacher S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lautenbacher S, Roscher S, Strian F. Inhibitory effects do not depend on the subjective experience of pain during heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS): a contribution to the psychophysics of pain inhibition. Eur J Pain. 2002;6(5):365\u2013374. doi:10.1016\/s1090-3801(02)00030-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/33\/2\/article-p121.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/33\/2\/article-p121.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/33\/2\/article-p121.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T07:00:06Z","timestamp":1706598006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/33\/2\/article-p121.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2023-0140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-6716","1543-3072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-6716","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-3072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}