{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:04:58Z","timestamp":1772751898562,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> A healthy, 22-year-old, male NCAA Division I baseball shortstop was experiencing confusion, chest pain, and tightness during an off-season intersquad scrimmage. The patient did not have any significant medical history or mechanism of head injury. After initial evaluation from the athletic trainer, the patient\u2019s cognitive status began to quickly decline. The emergency action plan was put in place rapidly and referred the patient to the local emergency clinic. Case Presentation<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Upon arrival at the emergency department, an electrocardiogram was performed to rule out myocardial infarction or stroke. The first electrocardiogram results returned negative for any cardiac pathology, but a stroke alert was called. The patient was then transported to a level II trauma center due to continual cognitive decline. The patient was diagnosed with transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to an undiagnosed patent foramen ovale (PFO) that would later be diagnosed with further evaluation 2 months after the initial TIA incident. After multiple diagnostic and laboratory tests, the PFO went undetected until a 2D echocardiogram was performed and evaluated by a cardiologist. Management and Outcomes<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> After the confirmation of the congenital defect, surgical intervention was performed to correct the PFO using catheterization. Despite multiple preparticipation examinations, electrocardiograms, and examination of past family history, the PFO went undetected until the patient experienced symptoms of TIA. The discovery of PFO in this 22-year-old athletic individual is unusual because traditional screening techniques (electrocardiogram and preparticipation examinations) failed to detect the congenital defect. Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Due to the emergent and timely actions of the athletic trainer, the patient has made a full recovery and is able to compete fully in athletic events. This case study amplifies the need for athletic trainers at all sporting events, updated and reviewed emergency action plans, rapid recognition of TIA in athletic individuals, and return-to-play protocol for an athletic individual after TIA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T09:46:35Z","timestamp":1697449595000},"page":"40-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transient Ischemic Attack in a 22-Year-Old NCAA Division I Baseball Athlete: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Daisy","family":"Luera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Military Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0910-7045","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronald L.","family":"Snarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Military Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Posson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Liras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"},{"name":"CHRISTUS Health, Trinity Clinic, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Liras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"},{"name":"CHRISTUS Health, Trinity Clinic, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7746-8475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica M.","family":"Filep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Military Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","article-title":"American Stroke Association","year":"2023","unstructured":"Transient Ischemic Attack. American Stroke Association. 2023. https:\/\/www.stroke.org\/en\/about-stroke\/types-of-stroke\/tia-transient-ischemic-attack. Accessed May 8, 2023."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Penn Med","article-title":"About Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)","author":"Chen MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen MA. About Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO). Penn Med. 2021. \u223chttps:\/\/www.pennmedicine.org\/for-patients-and-visitors\/patient-information\/conditions-treated-a-to-z\/patent-foramen-ovale#:\u223c:text=Definition,after%20a%20baby%20is%20born. Accessed May 8, 2023."},{"key":"r3","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fibromuscular Dysplasia. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2023. https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/health-information\/disorders\/fibromuscular-dysplasia#toc-what-is-fibromuscular-dysplasia-. 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Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(22):2417\u20132422. doi:10.1001\/archinte.167.22.2417"},{"issue":"8","key":"r6","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"843","article-title":"Preventing catastrophic injury and death in collegiate athletes: interassociation recommendations endorsed by 13 medical and sports medicine organisations","volume":"54","author":"Parsons JT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parsons JT, Anderson SA, Casa DJ, Hainline B. Preventing catastrophic injury and death in collegiate athletes: interassociation recommendations endorsed by 13 medical and sports medicine organisations. J Athl Train. 2019;54(8):843\u2013851. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-54.085"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training.","first-page":"96","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: preventing sudden death in sports","volume":"47","author":"Casa DJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casa DJ, Guskiewicz KM, Anderson SA, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: preventing sudden death in sports. Journal of Athletic Training. 2012;47(1):96\u2013118. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-47.1.96"},{"key":"r8","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stroke-Symptoms. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. March 24, 2022. 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