{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:12:31Z","timestamp":1782133951503,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Piriformis syndrome is often associated with muscle spasms and shortening of the piriformis muscle (PM). Physical therapy, including static stretching of the PM, is one of the treatments for this syndrome. However, the effective stretching position of the PM is unclear in vivo. This study aimed to determine the effective stretching positions of the PM using ultrasonic shear wave elastography. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Observational study. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Twenty-one healthy young men (22.7 [2.4]\u00a0y) participated in this study. The shear elastic modulus of the PM was measured at 12 stretching positions using shear wave elastography. Three of the 12 positions were tested with maximum internal rotation at 0\u00b0, 20\u00b0, or 40\u00b0 hip adduction in 90\u00b0 hip flexion. Nine of the 12 positions were tested with maximum external rotation at positions combined with 3 hip-flexion angles (70\u00b0, 90\u00b0, and 110\u00b0) and 3 hip-adduction angles (0\u00b0, 20\u00b0, and 40\u00b0). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> The shear elastic modulus of the PM was significantly higher in the order of 40\u00b0, 20\u00b0, and 0\u00b0 of adduction and higher in external rotation than in internal rotation. The shear elastic modulus of the PM was significantly greater in combined 110\u00b0 hip flexion and 40\u00b0 adduction with maximum external rotation than in all other positions. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> This study revealed that the position in which the PM was most stretched was maximum external rotation with 110\u00b0 hip flexion and 40\u00b0 hip adduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T19:01:27Z","timestamp":1712689287000},"page":"282-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effective Stretching Positions of the Piriformis Muscle Evaluated Using Shear Wave Elastography"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0330-1656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hikari","family":"Itsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-3570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masahide","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-2113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ko","family":"Yanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-0714","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Umehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7187-9791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiyu","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-2172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noriaki","family":"Ichihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r1","series-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-017-2031-8","article-title":"Four symptoms define the piriformis syndrome: an updated systematic review of its clinical features","volume":"28","author":"Hopayian K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopayian K, Danielyan A. 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