{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:40:53Z","timestamp":1791495653667,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Unlike the most common training approaches for bodybuilding, powerlifting programs are generally based on maximum and submaximal loads, putting enormous stresses on the lumbar spine. The flexion relaxation phenomenon evaluation is a clinical tool used for low back pain (LBP) assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the flexion relaxation phenomenon in the analysis of LBP in the powerlifters. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Healthy professional powerlifters participated in the study. In fact, we divided the participants into a LBP-low-risk group and a LBP-high-risk group, based on a prior history of LBP. Outcome measures included flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) and trough surface electromyography collected during trunk maximum voluntary flexion; furthermore, during a bench press lifting, we measured the height of the arched back\u00a0(ARCH), using a camera and the Kinovea video editing software, to consider a potential correlation with the risk of LBP. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> We included a group of 18 male (aged 24\u201339\u00a0y) powerlifters of 93\u00a0kg category. We measured a nonsignificant mean difference of ARCH between low-risk LBP group and high-risk LBP subjects. Curiously, maximum voluntary flexions were both above the threshold of 3.2\u00a0\u03bcV; therefore, with an absence of appropriate myoelectric silence, on the contrary, the FRR ratios were higher than 9.5, considering the presence of the phenomenon, exclusively for the low-risk group. The lumbar arched back measurement data did not report any association with the LBP risk, regarding the maximum voluntary flexion value, and even more than the FRR there is a relationship with the presence or the absence of LBP risk. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> FRR could be considered as a useful parameter for studying the risk of LBP in powerlifting. The FRR index not only refers to the possible myoelectric silence of the lumbar muscles in trunk maximum forward flexion but also takes into account the energy value delivered by the lumbar muscles during the flexion. Furthermore, we can indicate that the size of the powerlifter ARCH may not be a determining factor in the occurrence of LBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2023-0244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1715452598000},"page":"333-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Role of the Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon in the Analysis of Low Back Pain Risk in the Powerlifter: A Proof-of-Principle Study"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Marotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-8346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"de Sire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Bartalotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sgro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. 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