{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:49:32Z","timestamp":1773337772896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> This study aims to provide data on the reliability and validity of an adapted Spanish version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) when administered to Spanish athletes. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> A cross-sectional study was developed. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Data were collected from 128 athletes (males n\u2009=\u200971; females n\u2009=\u200957). The tools used in this study were the APSQ; Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine relative reliability, whereas standard error measurement and minimal detectable change were used to evaluate absolute reliability. Bland\u2013Altman plots were employed to assess test\u2013retest agreement and potential systematic bias. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> Data indicate that the Spanish version of the APSQ demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>: .77\u2013.85) and generally fair to good test\u2013retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: .702; 95% CI, .602\u2013.780). Significant associations were found between the APSQ Spanish version and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.64\u2013.82), with fair to good agreement, whereas fair to moderate levels of agreement were established between the APSQ Spanish version and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.53\u2013.75). <jats:italic><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>:<\/jats:italic> These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the use of the APSQ Spanish version for mental health screening among Spanish athletes. However, the lack of absolute reliability raises concerns about its utility for assessing the effects of interventions aimed at improving mental well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2024-0284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T14:33:11Z","timestamp":1738333991000},"page":"704-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validity and Reliability of the Spanish Version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n y del Deporte, Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-6461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Devesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Well-Move Research Group, Galicia-Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur). SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Actividad F\u00edsica, Educaci\u00f3n, y Salud (GIAFES), Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de \u00c1vila, \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-575X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Diz-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Well-Move Research Group, Galicia-Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur). SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Did\u00e1cticas Especi\u00e1is, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-843X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ay\u00e1n-P\u00e9rez","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Well-Move Research Group, Galicia-Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur). SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Did\u00e1cticas Especi\u00e1is, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1570473","article-title":"Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high performance athletes","volume":"18","author":"Henriksen K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriksen K, Schinke R, Moesch K, et\u00a0al. Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high performance athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020;18(5):553\u2013560. doi:10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1570473"},{"issue":"9","key":"r2","series-title":"Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2","article-title":"The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Rice SM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rice SM, Purcell R, De Silva S, Mawren D, McGorry PD, Parker AG. The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic review. Sport Med. 2016;46(9):1333\u20131353. doi:10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"r3","series-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2017.1295557","article-title":"International society of sport psychology position stand: athletes\u2019 mental health, performance, and development","volume":"16","author":"Schinke RJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schinke RJ, Stambulova NB, Si G, Moore Z. International society of sport psychology position stand: athletes\u2019 mental health, performance, and development. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2018;16(6):622\u2013639. doi:10.1080\/1612197X.2017.1295557"},{"issue":"6","key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1611900","article-title":"Preliminary psychometric validation of a brief screening tool for athlete mental health among male elite athletes: the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire","volume":"18","author":"Rice SM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rice SM, Parker AG, Mawren D, et\u00a0al. Preliminary psychometric validation of a brief screening tool for athlete mental health among male elite athletes: the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020;18(6):850\u2013865. doi:10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1611900"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000712","article-title":"Mental health screening: severity and cut-off point sensitivity of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire in male and female elite athletes","volume":"6","author":"Rice SM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rice SM, Olive L, Gouttebarge V, et\u00a0al. Mental health screening: severity and cut-off point sensitivity of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire in male and female elite athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020;6(1):712. doi:10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000712"},{"issue":"6","key":"r6","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2022-0311","article-title":"Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the Spiritual Perspective Scale","volume":"32","author":"Alhowimel AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhowimel AS, Alenazi AM, Alshehri MM, et\u00a0al. Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the Spiritual Perspective Scale. J Sport Rehabil. 2023;32(6):709\u2013712. doi:10.1123\/jsr.2022-0311"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Sport Med - Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00385-9","article-title":"Validating a Japanese version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Ojio Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ojio Y, Matsunaga A, Kawamura S, et\u00a0al. Validating a Japanese version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire. Sport Med - Open. 2021;7(1):90. doi:10.1186\/s40798-021-00385-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8","series-title":"Turkish J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.47447\/tjsm.0637","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ)","volume":"57","author":"Lima Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lima Y, Deniz \u00d6z N, Denerel N, \u00d6zkaya \u00d6, Sen\u0131\u015f\u0131k S, Rice S. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ). Turkish J Sport Med. 2022;57(3):147\u2013154. doi:10.47447\/tjsm.0637"},{"issue":"222","key":"r9","series-title":"Apunt Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apunsm.2024.100437","article-title":"The effects of training conditions on athletes\u2019 mental health throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: psychometric validation of the Persian Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire","volume":"59","author":"Azadi H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azadi H, Meshkati Z, Rice S. The effects of training conditions on athletes\u2019 mental health throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: psychometric validation of the Persian Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire. Apunt Sport Med. 2024;59(222):100437. doi:10.1016\/j.apunsm.2024.100437"},{"issue":"4","key":"r10","series-title":"Psicothema","first-page":"839","article-title":"The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validity and factor structure in the Spanish population","volume":"20","author":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez MDP","year":"2008","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez MDP, Dresch V. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validity and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema. 2008;20(4):839\u2013843. PubMed ID: 18940092"},{"issue":"3","key":"r11","series-title":"Span J Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39437","article-title":"Adaptation of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire in a Spanish sample of athletes","volume":"15","author":"Arce C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arce C, De Francisco C, Andrade E, Seoane G, Raedeke T. Adaptation of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire in a Spanish sample of athletes. Span J Psychol. 2012;15(3):1529\u20131536. doi:10.5209\/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39437"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Rev Psicol del Deport","first-page":"197","article-title":"Examination of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Kim MS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim MS, Duda JL, Tom\u00e1s I, Balaguer I. Examination of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire. Rev Psicol del Deport. 2003;12:197\u2013212."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2024.2335226","article-title":"Psychometric analysis of the International Olympic Committee\u2019s sport mental health assessment triage tool among non-elite amateur adult athletes","volume":"10","author":"Shannon S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shannon S, Shevlin M, Brick N, Donnelly P, Horgan P, Breslin G. Psychometric analysis of the International Olympic Committee\u2019s sport mental health assessment triage tool among non-elite amateur adult athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2024;10:226. doi:10.1080\/1612197X.2024.2335226"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm E","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344\u2013349. doi:10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Psychol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress","volume":"32","author":"Kessler R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kessler R, Andrews G, Colpe L, et\u00a0al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32:959\u2013956. doi:10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"issue":"4","key":"r16","series-title":"Salud Ment","first-page":"323","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de la escala Kessler 10 (K-10) en la detecci\u00f3n de depresi\u00f3n y ansiedad en el primer nivel de atenci\u00f3n. Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"34","author":"Vargas Terrez B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vargas Terrez B, Villamil Salcedo V, Rodr\u00edguez Estrada C, P\u00e9rez Romero J, Cort\u00e9s Sotres J. Validaci\u00f3n de la escala Kessler 10 (K-10) en la detecci\u00f3n de depresi\u00f3n y ansiedad en el primer nivel de atenci\u00f3n. Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas. Salud Ment. 2011;34(4):323\u2013331."},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"Int J Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12671","article-title":"Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) across cultures","volume":"55","author":"Bibi A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bibi A, Lin M, Zhang XC, Margraf J. Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) across cultures. Int J Psychol. 2020;55(6):916\u2013925. doi:10.1002\/ijop.12671"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016014818163","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample","volume":"24","author":"Daza P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daza P, Novy DM, Stanley MA, Averill P. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2002;24(3):195\u2013205. doi:10.1023\/A:1016014818163"},{"issue":"24","key":"r19","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beaton D, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz M. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186\u20133191. doi:10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014"},{"issue":"4","key":"r20","series-title":"Contraception","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2019.11.008","article-title":"Text message link to online survey: a new highly effective method of longitudinal data collection","volume":"101","author":"Friedlander EKB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Friedlander EKB, Soon R, Salcedo J, Tschann M, Fontanilla T, Kaneshiro B. Text message link to online survey: a new highly effective method of longitudinal data collection. Contraception. 2020;101(4):244\u2013248. doi:10.1016\/j.contraception.2019.11.008"},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall; 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"r22","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo TK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u2013163. doi:10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23","series-title":"Psychol Bull","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout PE","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86(2):420\u2013428. doi:10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"issue":"9","key":"r24","series-title":"J strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002886","article-title":"Influence of the box dimensions on the reliability and validity of the sit and reach in preschoolers","volume":"34","author":"Ay\u00e1n P\u00e9rez C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ay\u00e1n P\u00e9rez C, \u00c1lvarez P\u00e9rez S, Gonz\u00e1lez Baamonde S, Mart\u00ednez de Quel \u00d3. Influence of the box dimensions on the reliability and validity of the sit and reach in preschoolers. J strength Cond Res. 2020;34(9):2683\u20132692. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002886"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970410017215","article-title":"Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke","volume":"37","author":"Flansbjer UB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Flansbjer UB, Holmb\u00e4ck AM, Downham D, Patten C, Lexell J. Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(2):75\u201382. doi:10.1080\/16501970410017215"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Part IV Data Analysis: Correlation. Foundations of Clinical Research. Applications to Practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins M. Part IV Data Analysis: Correlation. Foundations of Clinical Research. Applications to Practice. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall Health; 2000."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102365","article-title":"Enduring stress: a quantitative analysis on coping profiles and sport well-being in amateur endurance athletes","volume":"65","author":"Rose S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose S, Burton D, Kercher V, Grindley E, Richardson C. Enduring stress: a quantitative analysis on coping profiles and sport well-being in amateur endurance athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2023;65:102365. doi:10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102365"},{"issue":"6","key":"r28","series-title":"Qual Life Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0632-9","article-title":"Getting serious about test-retest reliability: a critique of retest research and some recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Polit DF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polit DF. Getting serious about test-retest reliability: a critique of retest research and some recommendations. Qual Life Res. 2014;23(6):1713\u20131720. doi:10.1007\/s11136-014-0632-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"Sport Med","first-page":"211","article-title":"Reliability of power in physical performance tests","volume":"31","author":"Hopkins W","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hopkins W, Schabort E, Hawley J. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sport Med. 2001;31(3):211\u2013234. http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=106890274&lang=es&site=ehost-live"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199826040-00002","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine","volume":"26","author":"Atkinson G","year":"1998","unstructured":"Atkinson G, Nevill AM. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sport Med. 1998;26(4):217\u2013238. doi:10.2165\/00007256-199826040-00002"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31","series-title":"J Health Soc Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/3090197","article-title":"The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life","volume":"43","author":"Keyes CL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keyes CL. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43(2):207\u2013222. doi:10.2307\/3090197"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"J Affect Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.089","article-title":"Psychological distress with and without a history of depression: results from the World Mental Health Japan 2nd Survey (WMHJ2)","volume":"265","author":"Nishi D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nishi D, Imamura K, Watanabe K, et\u00a0al. Psychological distress with and without a history of depression: results from the World Mental Health Japan 2nd Survey (WMHJ2). J Affect Disord. 2020;265:545\u2013551. doi:10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.089"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sport Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/34\/7\/article-p704.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/34\/7\/article-p704.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jsr\/34\/7\/article-p704.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:27:56Z","timestamp":1755880076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jsr\/34\/7\/article-p704.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2024-0284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-6716","1543-3072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-6716","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-3072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}