{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T17:19:39Z","timestamp":1788801579474,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Off-road running is a growing sport with little research investigating injury profiles of female participants. Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are a particularly detrimental injury with little known about their incidence and risk factors in female off-road runners.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Collate and review the available evidence reporting epidemiological data and risk factors associated with BSI in female off-road runners.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Systematic literature review, without meta-analyses.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Data Sources<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    MEDLINE OVID, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and MEDLINE EBSCO. Searches were finalized in July 2024.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Eligibility Criteria<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Studies that reported injury surveillance statistics and\/or risk factors associated with BSIs in female off-road runners.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Seventeen eligible studies were included, of which all reported surveillance statistics and 2 reported risk factors associated with BSI among 897 female runners. Owing to the scarcity of data, cross-country runners were included in the population of off-road runners. Most BSIs were high severity and in the lower leg, with an overall incidence ranging from 0 to 34.39 BSIs per 100,000 athlete-exposures and prevalence ranging from 0% to 40.9%. Study characteristics were reported alongside risk of bias, quality, and level of evidence assessment outcomes from varying tools. Eight significant intrinsic risk factors were associated with BSIs in female off-road runners: increasing age, disrupted menstruation, previous BSI, increased female triad risk, and lower calcium, vitamin D, and calorie intake.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Discussion<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Limited by the number of studies available reporting data on the specific target population, which highlights the need for performing high-quality prospective studies in the future, this review summarizes the current epidemiological data and risk factors associated with BSIs in female off-road runners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2024-0288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T14:11:31Z","timestamp":1738073491000},"page":"470-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bone Stress Injury Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Female Off-Road Runners: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8701-5394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Stennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0074-3624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Volker","family":"Scheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-6495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly","family":"Kaulback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary\u2019s University, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1096-0980","article-title":"Defining off-road running: a position statement from the ultra sports science foundation","volume":"41","author":"Scheer V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scheer V, Basset P, Giovanelli N, Vernillo G, Millet GP, Costa RJS. 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