{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:50:45Z","timestamp":1793022645564,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Context<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Handheld dynamometry is common for isometric strength testing, but the high cost and import barriers of commercial devices (eg,\u00a0MicroFET II) limit access. Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables low-cost, customizable instruments. We developed the 3D-printed PhysioCode and examined its measurement properties for knee strength.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Methods and Technical Report evaluating concurrent validity and test\u2013retest reliability versus a reference handheld dynamometer.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Forty-nine healthy adults (23.2\u2009[3.9]\u00a0y; body mass index 21.9\u2009[2.8]\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) performed 3 isometric trials of dominant-limb knee extension and flexion with both devices in randomized order, assessed by 2 trained novice raters under blinded analysis. Concurrent validity was evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and root mean square error, and agreement between devices was assessed using Bland\u2013Altman analyses. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC[2,1] and ICC[2,\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]), along with the standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change at 95% confidence. We compared single and repeated test strategies.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    All mean values differed by\u2009\u226421\u00a0N between devices across knee extensors and flexors. Concurrent validity was strong\u2013very strong (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.88\u2013.95;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), with lower root mean square error for averaged repetitions. Bland\u2013Altman showed small, direction-specific bias: PhysioCode slightly overestimated extensor force values (\u221217 to 21 N) and underestimated flexor force values (\u221212 N). Reliability was excellent: PhysioCode ICC(2,1)\u2009=\u2009.93 to .95 and ICC(2,\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\u2009=\u2009.98 to .98; MicroFET II ICC(2,1)\u2009=\u2009.89 to .94 and ICC(2,\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\u2009=\u2009.96 to .98. Averaging 2 to 3 trials reduced standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change at 95% confidence relative to single trials or maxima.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The 3D-printed PhysioCode showed adequate concurrent validity and excellent test\u2013retest reliability for knee extensor\/flexor strength, with performance comparable to the MicroFET II in this sample of young, healthy adults. Averaging 2 or 3 repetitions improved precision. These findings suggest that PhysioCode may represent an option for strength assessment, warranting further evaluation in target clinical populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2025-0408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:52:00Z","timestamp":1787154720000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validity and Reliability of the 3-Dimensional\u00a0Printed PhysioCode Handheld Dynamometer for Knee Muscle Strength Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6724-9295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George Schayer","family":"Sabino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas de Minas Gerais (FCMMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-5328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego Henrique Antunes","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Laboratory, Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-390X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fernanda Oliveira","family":"Madaleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1916-0517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claysson Bruno Santos","family":"Vimieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Laboratory, Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5932-200X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pollyana Helena Vieira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas de Minas Gerais (FCMMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-6017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guilherme Augusto Santos","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Sete Lagoas (FACSETE), Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0371-1876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus Hissa Louren\u00e7o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-3278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renan Alves","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12502","article-title":"Muscle mass, strength, and physical performance predicting activities of daily living: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang DXM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang DXM, Yao J, Zirek Y, Reijnierse EM, Maier AB. 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