{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:37:45Z","timestamp":1785523065532,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past two decades, motor imagery (MI) has been used as a supplementary treatment approach to regain physical function in patients with stroke. However, the baseline treatment and the quality of study methodology for new treatment approaches have improved. This systematic review examined the evidence published in the past few decades on the effectiveness of MI on upper- and lower-extremity function and functional performance in patients with stroke. A total of 29 randomized controlled and crossover trials that compared MI with other interventions were analyzed. In addition, the outcomes were grouped into upper-, lower-extremity function, and functional performance for data analysis. More than half of the upper-extremity function studies reported improved performance in Fugl-Meyer assessment, Wolf motor function test, and box and block test in both acute and chronic stages. Lower-extremity function and functional performance were primarily investigated using Fugl-Meyer assessment, gait speed and parameters, activities of daily living, and balance ability. When considering only high-quality studies, six of 15 on upper extremity reported significant effects, whereas five of 15 reported nonsignificant effects. In addition, six of 14 studies on gait and balance reported significant effects. This systematic review suggests that both MI training and conventional rehabilitation programs effectively enhance upper limb functional abilities, including improvements in gait speed and balance, in individuals with acute and chronic stroke. Although the studies published during the past few decades showed heterogeneity in onset after stroke, research protocol, training intensity, and research methodology quality, none of them reported the long-term effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2023-0045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1722160644000},"page":"442-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effectiveness of Motor Imagery on Physical Function in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9493-5189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaruwan","family":"Prasomsri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-9769","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katsuya","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-2084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yumi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"r1","series-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3245","article-title":"An efficacy study on improving balance and gait in sub-acute stroke patients by balance training with additional motor imagery: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Bae, Y.H.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bae, Y.H., Ko, Y., Ha, H., Ahn, S.Y., Lee, W., & Lee, S.M. 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