{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:11:01Z","timestamp":1747188661744,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Much of the current research on sprint start has attempted to analyze the biomechanical characteristics of elite athletes to provide guidance on the training of sprint technique, with less attention paid to the effects of motor experience gained from long-term training on neuromuscular control characteristics. The present study attempted to investigate the effect of motor experience on the modular organization of the neuromuscular system during starting, based on he clarification of the characteristics of muscle synergies during starting. It was found that exercise experience did not promote an increase in the number of synergies but rather a more focused timing of the activation of each synergy, allowing athletes to quickly complete the postural transition from crouching to running during the starting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2023-0149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T19:37:13Z","timestamp":1715024233000},"page":"362-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Study of the Effects of Motor Experience on Neuromuscular Control Strategies During Sprint Starts"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-6051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengye","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6088-9807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lushuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9631-6723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1964-7135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"r2","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.928915","article-title":"Relationships between lower-limb kinematics and block phase performance in a cross section of sprinters","volume":"15","author":"Bezodis, N.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bezodis, N.E., Salo, A.I.T., & Trewartha, G. (2015). Relationships between lower-limb kinematics and block phase performance in a cross section of sprinters. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(2), 118\u2013124. 10.1080\/17461391.2014.928915"},{"issue":"9","key":"r3","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01138-1","article-title":"The biomechanics of the track and field sprint start: A narrative review","volume":"49","author":"Bezodis, N.E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bezodis, N.E., Willwacher, S., & Salo, A.I.T. (2019). The biomechanics of the track and field sprint start: A narrative review. Sports Medicine, 49(9), 1345\u20131364. 10.1007\/s40279-019-01138-1"},{"issue":"13","key":"r4","series-title":"Journal of Biomechanics,","first-page":"2438","article-title":"Handling of impact forces in inverse dynamics","volume":"39","author":"Bisseling, R.W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bisseling, R.W., & Hof, A.L. (2006). Handling of impact forces in inverse dynamics. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(13), 2438\u20132444."},{"issue":"3","key":"r5","series-title":"Sports Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140701489660","article-title":"Biological movement variability during the sprint start: Performance enhancement or hindrance?","volume":"6","author":"Bradshaw, E.J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradshaw, E.J., Maulder, P.S., & Keogh, J.W.L. (2007). Biological movement variability during the sprint start: Performance enhancement or hindrance? Sports Biomechanics, 6(3), 246\u2013260. 10.1080\/14763140701489660"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00478","article-title":"Immature spinal locomotor output in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"7","author":"Cappellini, G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cappellini, G., Ivanenko, Y.P., Martino, G., MacLellan, M.J., Sacco, A., Morelli, D., & Lacquaniti, F. (2016). Immature spinal locomotor output in children with cerebral palsy. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, Article 478. 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00478"},{"issue":"10","key":"r7","series-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2049082","article-title":"Relationships between anthropometric characteristics, block settings, and block clearance technique during the sprint start","volume":"40","author":"Cavedon, V.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cavedon, V., Bezodis, N.E., Sandri, M., Pirlo, M., Zancanaro, C., & Milanese, C. (2022). Relationships between anthropometric characteristics, block settings, and block clearance technique during the sprint start. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(10), 1097\u20131109. 10.1080\/02640414.2022.2049082"},{"key":"r42","series-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics,","first-page":"29","article-title":"Biomechanical differences in the sprint start between faster and slower high-level sprinters","volume":"56","author":"\u010coh, M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u010coh, M., Peharec, S., Ba\u010di\u0107, P., & Mackala, K. (2017). Biomechanical differences in the sprint start between faster and slower high-level sprinters. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56, 29."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2015.00126","article-title":"Editorial: Modularity in motor control: From muscle synergies to cognitive action representation","volume":"9","author":"D\u2019Avella, A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u2019Avella, A., Giese, M., Ivanenko, Y.P., Schack, T., & Flash, T. (2015). Editorial: Modularity in motor control: From muscle synergies to cognitive action representation. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 9, Article 126. 10.3389\/fncom.2015.00126"},{"issue":"11","key":"r9","series-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016","article-title":"Central pattern generator and human locomotion in the context of referent control of motor actions","volume":"132","author":"Feldman, A.G.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feldman, A.G., Levin, M.F., Garofolini, A., Piscitelli, D., & Zhang, L. (2021). Central pattern generator and human locomotion in the context of referent control of motor actions. Clinical Neurophysiology, 132(11), 2870\u20132889. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.016"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Scientific Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63963-z","article-title":"Intra-day and inter-day reliability of measurements of the electromyographic signal on masseter and temporal muscles in patients with Down syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Giannasi, L.C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giannasi, L.C., Politti, F., Dutra, M.T., Tenguan, V.L., Silva, G.R., Mancilha, G.P., ... Gomes, M.F. (2020). Intra-day and inter-day reliability of measurements of the electromyographic signal on masseter and temporal muscles in patients with Down syndrome. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 7477. 10.1038\/s41598-020-63963-z"},{"issue":"3","key":"r11","series-title":"Journal of Applied Biomechanics,","first-page":"194","article-title":"The effect of muscular pre-tensing on the sprint start","volume":"22","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-D\u00e1vila, M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-D\u00e1vila, M., Dapena, J., & Campos, J. (2006). The effect of muscular pre-tensing on the sprint start. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 22(3), 194\u2013201."},{"issue":"147","key":"r12","series-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0249","article-title":"Modularity speeds up motor learning by overcoming mechanical bias in musculoskeletal geometry","volume":"15","author":"Hagio, S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hagio, S., & Kouzaki, M. (2018). Modularity speeds up motor learning by overcoming mechanical bias in musculoskeletal geometry. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 15(147), Article 249. 10.1098\/rsif.2018.0249"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Physical Therapy,","first-page":"304","article-title":"Muscles: Testing and function, with posture and pain","volume":"86","author":"Kendall, F.P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kendall, F.P., McCreary, E.K., Provance, P.G., Rodgers, M.M.I., & Romani, W.A. (2014). Muscles: Testing and function, with posture and pain. Physical Therapy, 86, 304\u2013305."},{"issue":"6","key":"r18","series-title":"Medicina,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina46060054","article-title":"Motor control theories and their applications","volume":"46","author":"Latash, M.L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Latash, M.L., Levin, M.F., Scholz, J.P., & Sch\u00f6ner, G. (2010). Motor control theories and their applications. Medicina, 46(6), 382\u2013392. 10.3390\/medicina46060054"},{"issue":"6755","key":"r19","series-title":"Nature,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/44565","article-title":"Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization","volume":"401","author":"Lee, D.D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee, D.D., & Seung, H.S. (1999). Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature, 401(6755), 788\u2013791. 10.1038\/44565"},{"issue":"1","key":"r20","series-title":"Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Biomedica,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17488\/RMIB.43.1.5","article-title":"Biomechanics assessment of kinematic parameters of low-sprint start in high-performance athletes using three dimensional motion capture system","volume":"43","author":"Macias, M.E.G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macias, M.E.G., Angulo, C.V., Millan, E.M.A., & Gonzalez, K.R.K. (2022). Biomechanics assessment of kinematic parameters of low-sprint start in high-performance athletes using three dimensional motion capture system. Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Biomedica, 43(1), Article 5. 10.17488\/RMIB.43.1.5"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Applied Bionics and Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6592357","article-title":"Comparison of modular control during smash shot between advanced and beginner badminton players","volume":"2018","author":"Matsunaga, N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matsunaga, N., & Kaneoka, K. (2018). Comparison of modular control during smash shot between advanced and beginner badminton players. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 2018, Article 357. 10.1155\/2018\/6592357"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.581619","article-title":"Muscle activation patterns are more constrained and regular in treadmill than in overground human locomotion","volume":"8","author":"Mileti, I.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mileti, I., Serra, A., Wolf, N., Munoz-Martel, V., Ekizos, A., Palermo, E., Arampatzis, A., & Santuz, A. (2020). Muscle activation patterns are more constrained and regular in treadmill than in overground human locomotion. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, Article 619. 10.3389\/fbioe.2020.581619"},{"key":"r25","article-title":"The differences in three-dimensional kinetics in lower limb joints of sprinters and novice runners during a start dash","author":"Otsuka, M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Otsuka, M., Yoshioka, S., Kurihara, T., & Isaka, T. (2012). The differences in three-dimensional kinetics in lower limb joints of sprinters and novice runners during a start dash. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Gait and Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.03.010","article-title":"Characteristics of muscle synergy and anticipatory synergy adjustments strategy when cutting in different angles","volume":"107","author":"Pan, Z.","year":"2023a","unstructured":"Pan, Z., Liu, L., Li, X., & Ma, Y. (2023a). Characteristics of muscle synergy and anticipatory synergy adjustments strategy when cutting in different angles. Gait and Posture, 107, 114\u2013120. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.03.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Motor Behavior,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2023.2218821","article-title":"The influence of experience on neuromuscular control of the body when cutting at different angles","volume":"55","author":"Pan, Z.","year":"2023b","unstructured":"Pan, Z., Liu, L., Li, X., & Ma, Y. (2023b). The influence of experience on neuromuscular control of the body when cutting at different angles. Journal of Motor Behavior, 55(4), Article 821. 10.1080\/00222895.2023.2218821"},{"issue":"10","key":"r43","series-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,","first-page":"1882","article-title":"How muscles maximize performance in accelerated sprinting","volume":"31","author":"Pandy, M.G.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pandy, M.G., Lai, A.K., Schache, A.G., & Lin, Y.C. (2021). How muscles maximize performance in accelerated sprinting. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31(10), 1882\u20131896."},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Human Movement Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2022.102946","article-title":"Muscle synergies are modified with improved task performance in skill learning","volume":"83","author":"Park, S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park, S., & Caldwell, G.E. (2022). Muscle synergies are modified with improved task performance in skill learning. Human Movement Science, 83, Article 102946. 10.1016\/j.humov.2022.102946"},{"issue":"1","key":"r29","series-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2021-0005","article-title":"Number of trials necessary to apply analysis within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis at different levels of hierarchical synergy control","volume":"76","author":"Paw\u0142owski, M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paw\u0142owski, M., Furmanek, M.P., Sobota, G., Marsza\u0142ek, W., S\u0142omka, K.J., Bacik, B., & Juras, G. (2021). Number of trials necessary to apply analysis within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis at different levels of hierarchical synergy control. Journal of Human Kinetics, 76(1). 10.2478\/hukin-2021-0005"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: The limbs and trunk","author":"Perotto, A.O.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perotto, A.O. (2011). Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: The limbs and trunk. Charles C. Thomas Publisher."},{"issue":"1","key":"r32","series-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.014","article-title":"A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles","volume":"134","author":"Rainoldi, A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rainoldi, A., Melchiorri, G., & Caruso, I. (2004). A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 37\u201343. 10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.014"},{"issue":"1","key":"r33","series-title":"Scientific Reports,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21018-4","article-title":"Challenging human locomotion: Stability and modular organisation in unsteady conditions","volume":"8","author":"Santuz, A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santuz, A., Ekizos, A., Eckardt, N., Kibele, A., & Arampatzis, A. (2018). Challenging human locomotion: Stability and modular organisation in unsteady conditions. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 2740. 10.1038\/s41598-018-21018-4"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Frontiers in Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00958","article-title":"The influence of footwear on the modular organization of running","volume":"8","author":"Santuz, A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santuz, A., Ekizos, A., Janshen, L., Baltzopoulos, V., & Arampatzis, A. (2017). The influence of footwear on the modular organization of running. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, Article 958. 10.3389\/fphys.2017.00958"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis","author":"Schmidt, R.A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt, R.A., Lee, T.D., Winstein, C., Wulf, G., & Zelaznik, H.N. (2018). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Human kinetics."},{"issue":"1","key":"r37","series-title":"Communications Biology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04225-8","article-title":"Complexity of modular neuromuscular control increases and variability decreases during human locomotor development","volume":"5","author":"Sylos-Labini, F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sylos-Labini, F., La Scaleia, V., Cappellini, G., Dewolf, A., Fabiano, A., Solopova, I.A., Mond\u00ec, V., Ivanenko, Y., & Lacquaniti, F. (2022). Complexity of modular neuromuscular control increases and variability decreases during human locomotor development. Communications Biology, 5(1), Article 225. 10.1038\/s42003-022-04225-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"r39","series-title":"In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074074","article-title":"Biomechanical performance factors in the track and field sprint start: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Valamatos, M.J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valamatos, M.J., Abrantes, J.M., Carnide, F., Valamatos, M.J., & Monteiro, C.P. (2022). Biomechanical performance factors in the track and field sprint start: A systematic review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), Article 74. 10.3390\/ijerph19074074"},{"key":"r40","series-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","author":"Winter, D.A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Winter, D.A. (2009). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. John Wiley & Sons."}],"container-title":["Motor Control"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/mcj\/28\/3\/article-p362.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/mcj\/28\/3\/article-p362.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/mcj\/28\/3\/article-p362.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T20:31:44Z","timestamp":1720038704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/mcj\/28\/3\/article-p362.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/mc.2023-0149","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-1640","1543-2696"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1087-1640"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2696"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}