{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1767052138516,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The great toe contributes to healthy gait and balance but may be impacted by exposure to cold. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 60\u00a0min of cold-water immersion on great toe flexor force and single-limb balance.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Forty-four healthy adults participated in one of two experiments. All participants placed one foot in water that was maintained at 10\u00a0\u00b0C and the other foot in water maintained at body temperature (37\u00a0\u00b0C) for 60\u2009min. Both feet were submerged to a depth just above the malleolus. For the first experiment (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925), maximum voluntary great toe flexion force and control of submaximal force were measured while standing using a custom designed apparatus both before and immediately following immersion. For the second experiment (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919), postural sway was assessed before and after immersion while standing on an unstable surface with a single limb and eyes open.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Cold-water immersion resulted in a significant decrease in maximal flexor force of the great toe (332.6\u2009\u00b1\u2009111.5\u00a0N vs. 235.1\u2009\u00b1\u2009108.2\u00a0N,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001, Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.89), but it did not impact the amount of error measured during control of submaximal flexor force (13.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4\u00a0N vs. 14.4\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6\u00a0N,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.368). Further, exposure to cold resulted in significant increases to center of pressure rambling in the mediolateral direction (4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0mm vs. 4.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u00a0mm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001, Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.79) and trembling (3.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0mm vs. 3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4\u00a0mm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.002, Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.63) and range of motion (49.6\u2009\u00b1\u200915.3\u00a0mm vs. 61.8\u2009\u00b1\u200921.9\u00a0mm,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.007, Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.62) in the anteroposterior direction.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Cold-water immersion can impact force at the great toe and may adversely affect balance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2025-0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:36:28Z","timestamp":1765452988000},"page":"82-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Cold-Water Immersion on Great Toe Flexor Strength and Postural Control"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1734-6898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeff A.","family":"Nessler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella O.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8749-9840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5778-4086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean C.","family":"Newcomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"The Journal of Physical Therapy Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.35.384","article-title":"Relationship between toe grip strength and dynamic balance in older adult patients with femoral neck fracture","volume":"35","author":"Arai, R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arai, R., Fuchigami, M., Hatamura, K., Yamamoto, K., & Yoshimatsu, T. (2023). Relationship between toe grip strength and dynamic balance in older adult patients with femoral neck fracture. The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 35(5), 384\u2013388. 10.1589\/jpts.35.384"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"American Journal of Medicine,","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effects of localized hyper and hypothermia on maximal isometric grip strength","volume":"64","author":"Barnes, W.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barnes, W.S., & Larsel, M.R. (1985). Effects of localized hyper and hypothermia on maximal isometric grip strength. American Journal of Medicine, 64, 305\u2013314."},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini, Y.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57(1), 289\u2013300. 10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"r4","series-title":"International Wound Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2008.00454.x","article-title":"Cold immersion recovery responses in the diabetic foot with neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Bharara M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bharara M, Viswanathan, V., & Cobb JE. (2008). Cold immersion recovery responses in the diabetic foot with neuropathy. International Wound Journal, 5(4), 562\u2013569. 10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2008.00454.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"r5","series-title":"International journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2019.26.6.13","article-title":"Dorsiflexion but not plantarflexion force declines at lower foot skin temperatures","volume":"26","author":"Bieles, J.S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bieles, J.S., Bruce, S.A., Newham, D.J., & Green, D.A. (2019). Dorsiflexion but not plantarflexion force declines at lower foot skin temperatures. International journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 26(6), Article 13. 10.12968\/ijtr.2019.26.6.13"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012","article-title":"Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users","volume":"190","author":"Bolbecker, A.R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bolbecker, A.R., Apthorp, D., Martin, A.S., Yahayori, B., Moravec, L., Gomez, K.L., O'Donnell, B.F., Newman, S.D., & Hetrick, W.P. (2018). Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 54\u201361. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"r7","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20661","article-title":"The role of the great toe in balance performance","volume":"27","author":"Chou, S.-W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chou, S.-W., Cheng, H.-Y.K., Chen, J.-H., Ju, Y.-Y., Lin, Y.C., & Wong, M.K.A. (2009). The role of the great toe in balance performance. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 27(4), 549\u2013554. 10.1002\/jor.20661"},{"issue":"2","key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1994.20.2.74","article-title":"Effect of temperature on muscle force and rate of muscle force production in men and women","volume":"20","author":"Cornwall, M.W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cornwall, M.W. (1994). Effect of temperature on muscle force and rate of muscle force production in men and women. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 20(2), 74\u201380. 10.2519\/jospt.1994.20.2.74"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training,","first-page":"113","article-title":"Functional performance following an ice immersion to the lower extremity","volume":"31","author":"Cross, K.M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cross, K.M., Wilson, R.W., & Perrin, D.H. (1996). Functional performance following an ice immersion to the lower extremity. Journal of Athletic Training, 31(2), 113\u2013116."},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05043-w","article-title":"The influence of reduced foot dorsum cutaneous sensitivity on the vestibular control of balance","volume":"123","author":"Debenham, M.I.B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debenham, M.I.B., Kang, H.J., Cheung, S.S., & Dalton, B.H. (2023). The influence of reduced foot dorsum cutaneous sensitivity on the vestibular control of balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(1), 65\u201379. 10.1007\/s00421-022-05043-w"},{"issue":"3","key":"r11","series-title":"International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research,","first-page":"179","article-title":"Immediate effect of cold water immersion on foot and ankle muscle strength and standing balance in young healthy individuals: A clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Deshmukh, A.A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deshmukh, A.A., & Lilariya, D. (2019). Immediate effect of cold water immersion on foot and ankle muscle strength and standing balance in young healthy individuals: A clinical trial. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 4(3), 179\u2013184."},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy,","first-page":"9","article-title":"Immediate effects of cryotherapy on static and dynamic balance","volume":"8","author":"Douglas, M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douglas, M., Bivens, S., Perterfield, J., Clemson, N., Castle, W., Sole, G., & Wassinger, C.A. (2013). Immediate effects of cryotherapy on static and dynamic balance. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(1), 9\u201314."},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Journal of Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.001","article-title":"Greater toe grip and gentler heel strike are the strategies to adapt to slippery surface","volume":"41","author":"Fong, D.T.P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fong, D.T.P., Mao, D.W., Li, J.X., & Hong, Y. (2008). Greater toe grip and gentler heel strike are the strategies to adapt to slippery surface. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(4), 838\u2013844. 10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.02.010","article-title":"Postural sway following cryotherapy in healthy adults","volume":"40","author":"Fukuchi, C.A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukuchi, C.A., Duarte, M., & Stefanyshyn, D.J. (2014). Postural sway following cryotherapy in healthy adults. Gait & Posture, 40(1), 262\u2013265. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.02.010"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"BioMed Research International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/696397","article-title":"The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system","volume":"2014","author":"Furmanek, M.P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Furmanek, M.P., Slomka, K., & Juras, G. (2014). The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system. BioMed Research International, 2014, Article 696397. 10.1155\/2014\/696397"},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H259","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00171.2014","article-title":"Physiological interdependence of the cardiovascular and postural control systems under orthostatic stress","volume":"307","author":"Garg, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg, A., Xu, D., Laurin, A., & Blaber, A.P. (2014). Physiological interdependence of the cardiovascular and postural control systems under orthostatic stress. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 307(2), H259\u2013H264. 10.1152\/ajpheart.00171.2014"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189700","article-title":"Practicing sport in cold environments: Practical recommendations to improve sport performance and reduce negative health outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Gatterer, H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gatterer, H., D\u00fcnnwald, T., Turner, R., Csapo, R., Schobersberger, W., Burtscher, M., Faulhaber, M., & Kennedy, M.D. (2021). Practicing sport in cold environments: Practical recommendations to improve sport performance and reduce negative health outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research, 18, Article 9700. 10.3390\/ijerph18189700"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/520124","article-title":"Effects of cooling on ankle muscle strength, electromyography, and gait ground reaction forces","volume":"2014","author":"Halder A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halder A, Gao, C., & Miller, M. (2014). Effects of cooling on ankle muscle strength, electromyography, and gait ground reaction forces. Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014, Article 520124. 10.1155\/2014\/520124"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.10.011","article-title":"Plantar cooling does not alter standing balance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hoch, M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoch, M., & Russell, D.M. (2016). Plantar cooling does not alter standing balance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait & Posture, 43, 1\u20138. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.10.011"},{"issue":"4","key":"r20","series-title":"Annals of Geriatric Medicine Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.23.0113","article-title":"Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and maximum walking speed in older adults","volume":"27","author":"Kamasaki, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamasaki, T., Otao, H., Hachiya, M., Tanaka, S., Ochishi, K., Shimokihara, S., Maruta, M., Han, G., Akasaki, Y., Hidaka, Y., & Tabira, T. (2023). Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and maximum walking speed in older adults. Annals of Geriatric Medicine Research, 27(4), 338\u2013345. 10.4235\/agmr.23.0113"},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.04.015","article-title":"Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and postural control capability in healthy adults","volume":"103","author":"Kamasaki, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamasaki, T., Tabira, T., Suenaga, T., Yoshida, T., Shimokihara, S., Maruta, M., Han, G., Akasaki, Y., Hidaka, Y., & Otao, H. (2023). Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and postural control capability in healthy adults. Gait & Posture, 103, 86\u201391. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.04.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(97)00038-7","article-title":"The windlass mechanism during normal walking and passive first metatarsalphalangeal joint extension","volume":"13","author":"Kappel-Bargas, A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kappel-Bargas, A., Woolf, R.D., Cornwall, M.W., & McPoil, T.G. (1998). The windlass mechanism during normal walking and passive first metatarsalphalangeal joint extension. Clinical Biomechanics, 13(3), 190\u2013194. 10.1016\/s0268-0033(97)00038-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23","series-title":"Pysiotherapy Research International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.393","article-title":"The effect of immersion cryotherapy on medial-lateral postural sway variability in individuals with a lateral ankle sprain","volume":"13","author":"Kernozek, T.W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kernozek, T.W., Greany, J.F., Anderson, D.R., Van Heel, D., Youngdahl, R.L., Benesh, B.G., & Durall, C.J. (2008). The effect of immersion cryotherapy on medial-lateral postural sway variability in individuals with a lateral ankle sprain. Pysiotherapy Research International, 13(2), 107\u2013118. 10.1002\/pri.393"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.23.127","article-title":"Comparison of toe plantar flexors strength and balancing ability between elderly fallers and non-fallers","volume":"23","author":"Kim, Y.W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, Y.W., Kwon, O.Y., Cynn, H.S., Weon, J.H., Yi, C.H., & Kim, T.H. (2011). Comparison of toe plantar flexors strength and balancing ability between elderly fallers and non-fallers. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 23(1), 127\u2013132. 10.1589\/jpts.23.127"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Physical Therapy Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10105","article-title":"The effect of toe-grasping exercises on balance ability in home-based rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial by block randomization","volume":"24","author":"Kojima, K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kojima, K., Kamai, D., Yamamoto, A., Tuschitani, Y., & Kataoka, H. (2021). The effect of toe-grasping exercises on balance ability in home-based rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial by block randomization. Physical Therapy Research, 24, 272\u2013279. 10.1298\/ptr.E10105"},{"issue":"12","key":"r26","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262100","article-title":"Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations","volume":"16","author":"Kurihara, T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurihara, T., Terada, M., Numasawa, S., Kusagawa, Y., Maeo, S., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2021). Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations. PLoS One, 16(12), Article e0262100. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0262100"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Foot and Ankle Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-00422-y","article-title":"Toe flexor strength is associated with mobility in older adults with pronated and supinated feet but not with neutral feet","volume":"13","author":"Kusagawa, Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kusagawa, Y., Kurihara, T., Imai, A., Maeo, S., Sugiyama, T., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2020). Toe flexor strength is associated with mobility in older adults with pronated and supinated feet but not with neutral feet. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 13, Article 55. 10.1186\/s13047-020-00422-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Sports Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1054861","article-title":"Cold-water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balance of basketball players during vertical jump landing","volume":"34","author":"Macedo, C.S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macedo, C.S., Vicente, R.C., Ces\u00e1rio, M.D., & Guirro, R.R. (2016). Cold-water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balance of basketball players during vertical jump landing. Journal of Sports Science, 34(4), 348\u2013357. 10.1080\/02640414.2015.1054861"},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,","first-page":"744","article-title":"Physical and cognitive performance during long-term cold weather operations","volume":"76","author":"Marrao, C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marrao, C., Tikuisis, P., Keefe, A., Gil, V., & Giesbrecht, G.G. (2005). Physical and cognitive performance during long-term cold weather operations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 76, 744\u2013752."},{"key":"r30","series-title":"Journal of Foot and Ankle Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1","article-title":"Toe grip force of the dominant foot is associated with fall risk in community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Matsuno, S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuno, S., Yoshimura, A., Yoshike, T., Morita, S., Fuji, Y., Honma, M., Ozeki, Y., & Kuriyama, K. (2022). Toe grip force of the dominant foot is associated with fall risk in community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 15, Article 42. 10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-1993-3305","article-title":"Effects of cold water application on isokinetic strength of the plantar flexors","volume":"3","author":"Mattacola, C.G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mattacola, C.G., & Perrin, D.H. (1993). Effects of cold water application on isokinetic strength of the plantar flexors. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 3, 152\u2013159. 10.3233\/IES-1993-3305"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.011","article-title":"Toe weakness and deformity increase the risk of falls in older people","volume":"24","author":"Mickle, K.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mickle, K.J., Munro, B.J., Lord, S.R., Menz, H.B., & Steele, J.R. (2009). Toe weakness and deformity increase the risk of falls in older people. Clinical Biomechanics, 24, 787\u2013791. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.011"},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-143","article-title":"Association between toe flexor strength and spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older people","volume":"11","author":"Miso, S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miso, S., Doi, T., Asai, T., Sawa, R., Tsutsumimoto, K., Nakakubo, S., Yamada, M., & Ono, R. (2014). Association between toe flexor strength and spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older people. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 11, Article 143. 10.1186\/1743-0003-11-143"},{"issue":"1","key":"r34","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000379","article-title":"Effect of segmental, localized lower limb cooling on dynamic balance","volume":"47","author":"Montgomery, R.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montgomery, R.E., Hartley, G.L., Tyler, C.J., & Cheung, S.S. (2015). Effect of segmental, localized lower limb cooling on dynamic balance. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 47(1), 66\u201373. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000379"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Experimental Brain Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3002-2","article-title":"Reduced input from foot sole skin through cooling differentially modulates the short latency and medium latency vestibular reflex responses to galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"218","author":"Muise, S.B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muise, S.B., Lam, C.K., & Bent, L.R. (2012). Reduced input from foot sole skin through cooling differentially modulates the short latency and medium latency vestibular reflex responses to galvanic vestibular stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 218, 63\u201371. 10.1007\/s00221-012-3002-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"r36","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050193","article-title":"Muscle performance and electromyogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold exposure","volume":"75","author":"Oksa, J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oksa, J., Rintam\u00e4ki, H., & Rissanen,S. (1997). Muscle performance and electromyogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold exposure. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 75(6), 484\u2013490. 10.1007\/s004210050193"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0920-6","article-title":"Effect of local leg cooling on upper limb trajectories and muscle function and whole body dynamic balance","volume":"105","author":"Piedrahita, H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Piedrahita, H., Oksa, J., Rintamaki, H., & Malm, C. (2009). Effect of local leg cooling on upper limb trajectories and muscle function and whole body dynamic balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(3), 429\u2013438. 10.1007\/s00421-008-0920-6"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.006","article-title":"The evidence for improving balance by strengthening the toe flexor muscles: A systemic review","volume":"81","author":"Quinlan, S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quinlan, S., Yan, A.F., Sinclair, P., & Hunt, A. (2020). The evidence for improving balance by strengthening the toe flexor muscles: A systemic review. Gait & Posture, 81, 56\u201366. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39","series-title":"Brain Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030215","article-title":"Toe grip strength is associated with improving gait function in patients with subacute stroke","volume":"14","author":"Ryu, J.W.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ryu, J.W., Hwang, I.S., Jin, S., Kim, S.A., & Kim, M.S. (2024). Toe grip strength is associated with improving gait function in patients with subacute stroke. Brain Science, 14(3), Article 215. 10.3390\/brainsci14030215"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"r40","series-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences,","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effects of cold application on isometric strength and endurance of quadriceps femoris muscle","volume":"28","author":"Sanyo, A.O.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanyo, A.O., & Bello, A.O. (1999). Effects of cold application on isometric strength and endurance of quadriceps femoris muscle. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 28(3\u20134), 195\u2013198."},{"issue":"3","key":"r41","series-title":"Gait and Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.019","article-title":"Decreased skin temperature of the foot increases gait variability in healthy young adults","volume":"38","author":"Sawa R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sawa R, Doi, T., Misu, S., Tsutsumimoto, K., Fujino, H., & Ono, R. (2013). Decreased skin temperature of the foot increases gait variability in healthy young adults. Gait and Posture, 38(3), 518\u2013522. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.019"},{"issue":"8","key":"r42","series-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.06.010","article-title":"Foot sole skin temperature affets plantar foot sensitivity","volume":"120","author":"Schlee, G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schlee, G., Sterzing, T., & Milani, T.L. (2009). Foot sole skin temperature affets plantar foot sensitivity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(8), 1548\u20131551. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.06.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"r43","series-title":"Journal of Sports and Health Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.07.005","article-title":"Relationship of proprioception, cutaneous sensitivity, and muscle strength with the balance control among older adults","volume":"10","author":"Song, Q.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, Q., Zhang, X., Mao, M., Sun, W., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., & Li, L. (2021). Relationship of proprioception, cutaneous sensitivity, and muscle strength with the balance control among older adults. Journal of Sports and Health Science, 10(5), 585\u2013593. 10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.07.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r44","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.024","article-title":"Foot and ankle strength, range of motion, posture, and deformity are associated with balance and functional ability in older adults","volume":"92","author":"Spink, M.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spink, M.J., Fotoohabadi, M.R., Wee, E., Hill, K.D., Lord, S.R., & Menz, H.B. (2011). Foot and ankle strength, range of motion, posture, and deformity are associated with balance and functional ability in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(1), 68\u201375. 10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.024"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"Journal of Vestibular Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1","article-title":"Effects of hypothermic anesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation","volume":"13","author":"Stal, F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stal, F., Fransson, P.A., Magnusson, M., & Karlberg, M. (2003). Effects of hypothermic anesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation. Journal of Vestibular Research, 13(1), 39\u201352. 10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"r46","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0927-y","article-title":"Local tissue temperature effects on peak torque and muscular endurance during siometric Knee extension","volume":"90","author":"Thornley, L.J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thornley, L.J., Maxwell, N.S., & Cheung, S.S. (2003). Local tissue temperature effects on peak torque and muscular endurance during siometric Knee extension. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(5\u20136), 588\u2013594. 10.1007\/s00421-003-0927-y"},{"key":"r47","series-title":"Journal of Sports Mecicine and Physical Fitness,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07473-4","article-title":"Toe grip strength in middle-aged individuals as a risk factor for falls","volume":"58","author":"Tsuyuguchi, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsuyuguchi, R., Kurose, S., Seto, T., Takao, N., Tagashira, S., Tsutsumi, H., Otsuki, S., & Kimura, Y. (2018). Toe grip strength in middle-aged individuals as a risk factor for falls. Journal of Sports Mecicine and Physical Fitness, 58, 1325\u20131330. 10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07473-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"r48","series-title":"Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2015-0123","article-title":"The relationship between toe grip strength and dynanmic balance or functional mobility among community-dwelling Japanese older adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Uritani, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uritani, D., Fukumoto, T., Matsumotor, D., & Shima, M. (2016). The relationship between toe grip strength and dynanmic balance or functional mobility among community-dwelling Japanese older adults: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(3), 459\u2013464. 10.1123\/japa.2015-0123"},{"key":"r49","series-title":"Applied Ergonomics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104108","article-title":"The characterization of thermal perception in recreational surfers wearing wetsuits","volume":"113","author":"Warner, M.E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Warner, M.E., Nessler, J.A., Filingeri, D., & Newcomer, S.C. (2023). The characterization of thermal perception in recreational surfers wearing wetsuits. Applied Ergonomics, 113, Article 104108. 10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104108"},{"key":"r50","series-title":"Journal of Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109719","article-title":"Importance of toe flexor strength in vertical jump performance","volume":"104","author":"Yamauchi, J.","year":"2019a","unstructured":"Yamauchi, J., & Koyama, K. (2019a). Importance of toe flexor strength in vertical jump performance. Journal of Biomechanics, 104, Article 109719. 10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109719"},{"key":"r51","series-title":"Gait and Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.381","article-title":"Toe flexor strength is not related to postural stability during static upright standing in healthy young individuals","volume":"73","author":"Yamauchi, J.","year":"2019b","unstructured":"Yamauchi, J., & Koyama, K. (2019b). Toe flexor strength is not related to postural stability during static upright standing in healthy young individuals. Gait and Posture, 73, 323\u2013327. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.381"},{"issue":"2","key":"r52","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0715-9","article-title":"Effects of pressure, cold and gloves on hand skin temperature and manual performance of divers","volume":"104","author":"Zander, J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zander, J., & Morrison, J. (2008). Effects of pressure, cold and gloves on hand skin temperature and manual performance of divers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(2), 237\u2013244. 10.1007\/s00421-008-0715-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"r53","series-title":"Motor Control,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.4.2.185","article-title":"Rambling and trembling in quiet standing","volume":"4","author":"Zatsiorsky, V.M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky, V.M., & Duarte, M. (2000). Rambling and trembling in quiet standing. Motor Control, 4(2), 185\u2013200. 10.1123\/mcj.4.2.185"},{"issue":"5","key":"r1","series-title":"The Journal of Physical Therapy Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.35.384","article-title":"Relationship between toe grip strength and dynamic balance in older adult patients with femoral neck fracture","volume":"35","author":"Arai, R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arai, R., Fuchigami, M., Hatamura, K., Yamamoto, K., & Yoshimatsu, T. (2023). Relationship between toe grip strength and dynamic balance in older adult patients with femoral neck fracture. The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 35(5), 384\u2013388. 10.1589\/jpts.35.384"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"American Journal of Medicine,","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effects of localized hyper and hypothermia on maximal isometric grip strength","volume":"64","author":"Barnes, W.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barnes, W.S., & Larsel, M.R. (1985). Effects of localized hyper and hypothermia on maximal isometric grip strength. American Journal of Medicine, 64, 305\u2013314."},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini, Y.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57(1), 289\u2013300. 10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"r4","series-title":"International Wound Journal,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2008.00454.x","article-title":"Cold immersion recovery responses in the diabetic foot with neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Bharara M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bharara M, Viswanathan, V., & Cobb JE. (2008). Cold immersion recovery responses in the diabetic foot with neuropathy. International Wound Journal, 5(4), 562\u2013569. 10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2008.00454.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"r5","series-title":"International journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2019.26.6.13","article-title":"Dorsiflexion but not plantarflexion force declines at lower foot skin temperatures","volume":"26","author":"Bieles, J.S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bieles, J.S., Bruce, S.A., Newham, D.J., & Green, D.A. (2019). Dorsiflexion but not plantarflexion force declines at lower foot skin temperatures. International journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 26(6), Article 13. 10.12968\/ijtr.2019.26.6.13"},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012","article-title":"Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users","volume":"190","author":"Bolbecker, A.R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bolbecker, A.R., Apthorp, D., Martin, A.S., Yahayori, B., Moravec, L., Gomez, K.L., O'Donnell, B.F., Newman, S.D., & Hetrick, W.P. (2018). Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 54\u201361. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"r7","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20661","article-title":"The role of the great toe in balance performance","volume":"27","author":"Chou, S.-W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chou, S.-W., Cheng, H.-Y.K., Chen, J.-H., Ju, Y.-Y., Lin, Y.C., & Wong, M.K.A. (2009). The role of the great toe in balance performance. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 27(4), 549\u2013554. 10.1002\/jor.20661"},{"issue":"2","key":"r8","series-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1994.20.2.74","article-title":"Effect of temperature on muscle force and rate of muscle force production in men and women","volume":"20","author":"Cornwall, M.W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cornwall, M.W. (1994). Effect of temperature on muscle force and rate of muscle force production in men and women. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 20(2), 74\u201380. 10.2519\/jospt.1994.20.2.74"},{"issue":"2","key":"r9","series-title":"Journal of Athletic Training,","first-page":"113","article-title":"Functional performance following an ice immersion to the lower extremity","volume":"31","author":"Cross, K.M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cross, K.M., Wilson, R.W., & Perrin, D.H. (1996). Functional performance following an ice immersion to the lower extremity. Journal of Athletic Training, 31(2), 113\u2013116."},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05043-w","article-title":"The influence of reduced foot dorsum cutaneous sensitivity on the vestibular control of balance","volume":"123","author":"Debenham, M.I.B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debenham, M.I.B., Kang, H.J., Cheung, S.S., & Dalton, B.H. (2023). The influence of reduced foot dorsum cutaneous sensitivity on the vestibular control of balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(1), 65\u201379. 10.1007\/s00421-022-05043-w"},{"issue":"3","key":"r11","series-title":"International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research,","first-page":"179","article-title":"Immediate effect of cold water immersion on foot and ankle muscle strength and standing balance in young healthy individuals: A clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Deshmukh, A.A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deshmukh, A.A., & Lilariya, D. (2019). Immediate effect of cold water immersion on foot and ankle muscle strength and standing balance in young healthy individuals: A clinical trial. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 4(3), 179\u2013184."},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy,","first-page":"9","article-title":"Immediate effects of cryotherapy on static and dynamic balance","volume":"8","author":"Douglas, M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douglas, M., Bivens, S., Perterfield, J., Clemson, N., Castle, W., Sole, G., & Wassinger, C.A. (2013). Immediate effects of cryotherapy on static and dynamic balance. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(1), 9\u201314."},{"issue":"4","key":"r13","series-title":"Journal of Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.001","article-title":"Greater toe grip and gentler heel strike are the strategies to adapt to slippery surface","volume":"41","author":"Fong, D.T.P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fong, D.T.P., Mao, D.W., Li, J.X., & Hong, Y. (2008). Greater toe grip and gentler heel strike are the strategies to adapt to slippery surface. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(4), 838\u2013844. 10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.02.010","article-title":"Postural sway following cryotherapy in healthy adults","volume":"40","author":"Fukuchi, C.A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukuchi, C.A., Duarte, M., & Stefanyshyn, D.J. (2014). Postural sway following cryotherapy in healthy adults. Gait & Posture, 40(1), 262\u2013265. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.02.010"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"BioMed Research International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/696397","article-title":"The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system","volume":"2014","author":"Furmanek, M.P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Furmanek, M.P., Slomka, K., & Juras, G. (2014). The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system. BioMed Research International, 2014, Article 696397. 10.1155\/2014\/696397"},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H259","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00171.2014","article-title":"Physiological interdependence of the cardiovascular and postural control systems under orthostatic stress","volume":"307","author":"Garg, A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg, A., Xu, D., Laurin, A., & Blaber, A.P. (2014). Physiological interdependence of the cardiovascular and postural control systems under orthostatic stress. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 307(2), H259\u2013H264. 10.1152\/ajpheart.00171.2014"},{"key":"r17","series-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189700","article-title":"Practicing sport in cold environments: Practical recommendations to improve sport performance and reduce negative health outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Gatterer, H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gatterer, H., D\u00fcnnwald, T., Turner, R., Csapo, R., Schobersberger, W., Burtscher, M., Faulhaber, M., & Kennedy, M.D. (2021). Practicing sport in cold environments: Practical recommendations to improve sport performance and reduce negative health outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research, 18, Article 9700. 10.3390\/ijerph18189700"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Journal of Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/520124","article-title":"Effects of cooling on ankle muscle strength, electromyography, and gait ground reaction forces","volume":"2014","author":"Halder A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halder A, Gao, C., & Miller, M. (2014). Effects of cooling on ankle muscle strength, electromyography, and gait ground reaction forces. Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014, Article 520124. 10.1155\/2014\/520124"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.10.011","article-title":"Plantar cooling does not alter standing balance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hoch, M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoch, M., & Russell, D.M. (2016). Plantar cooling does not alter standing balance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait & Posture, 43, 1\u20138. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.10.011"},{"issue":"4","key":"r20","series-title":"Annals of Geriatric Medicine Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.23.0113","article-title":"Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and maximum walking speed in older adults","volume":"27","author":"Kamasaki, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamasaki, T., Otao, H., Hachiya, M., Tanaka, S., Ochishi, K., Shimokihara, S., Maruta, M., Han, G., Akasaki, Y., Hidaka, Y., & Tabira, T. (2023). Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and maximum walking speed in older adults. Annals of Geriatric Medicine Research, 27(4), 338\u2013345. 10.4235\/agmr.23.0113"},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.04.015","article-title":"Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and postural control capability in healthy adults","volume":"103","author":"Kamasaki, T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamasaki, T., Tabira, T., Suenaga, T., Yoshida, T., Shimokihara, S., Maruta, M., Han, G., Akasaki, Y., Hidaka, Y., & Otao, H. (2023). Association between toe pressure strength in the standing position and postural control capability in healthy adults. Gait & Posture, 103, 86\u201391. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.04.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"r22","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(97)00038-7","article-title":"The windlass mechanism during normal walking and passive first metatarsalphalangeal joint extension","volume":"13","author":"Kappel-Bargas, A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kappel-Bargas, A., Woolf, R.D., Cornwall, M.W., & McPoil, T.G. (1998). The windlass mechanism during normal walking and passive first metatarsalphalangeal joint extension. Clinical Biomechanics, 13(3), 190\u2013194. 10.1016\/s0268-0033(97)00038-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23","series-title":"Pysiotherapy Research International,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.393","article-title":"The effect of immersion cryotherapy on medial-lateral postural sway variability in individuals with a lateral ankle sprain","volume":"13","author":"Kernozek, T.W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kernozek, T.W., Greany, J.F., Anderson, D.R., Van Heel, D., Youngdahl, R.L., Benesh, B.G., & Durall, C.J. (2008). The effect of immersion cryotherapy on medial-lateral postural sway variability in individuals with a lateral ankle sprain. Pysiotherapy Research International, 13(2), 107\u2013118. 10.1002\/pri.393"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.23.127","article-title":"Comparison of toe plantar flexors strength and balancing ability between elderly fallers and non-fallers","volume":"23","author":"Kim, Y.W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, Y.W., Kwon, O.Y., Cynn, H.S., Weon, J.H., Yi, C.H., & Kim, T.H. (2011). Comparison of toe plantar flexors strength and balancing ability between elderly fallers and non-fallers. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 23(1), 127\u2013132. 10.1589\/jpts.23.127"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Physical Therapy Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10105","article-title":"The effect of toe-grasping exercises on balance ability in home-based rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial by block randomization","volume":"24","author":"Kojima, K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kojima, K., Kamai, D., Yamamoto, A., Tuschitani, Y., & Kataoka, H. (2021). The effect of toe-grasping exercises on balance ability in home-based rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial by block randomization. Physical Therapy Research, 24, 272\u2013279. 10.1298\/ptr.E10105"},{"issue":"12","key":"r26","series-title":"PLoS One,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262100","article-title":"Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations","volume":"16","author":"Kurihara, T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurihara, T., Terada, M., Numasawa, S., Kusagawa, Y., Maeo, S., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2021). Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations. PLoS One, 16(12), Article e0262100. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0262100"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Journal of Foot and Ankle Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-00422-y","article-title":"Toe flexor strength is associated with mobility in older adults with pronated and supinated feet but not with neutral feet","volume":"13","author":"Kusagawa, Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kusagawa, Y., Kurihara, T., Imai, A., Maeo, S., Sugiyama, T., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2020). Toe flexor strength is associated with mobility in older adults with pronated and supinated feet but not with neutral feet. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 13, Article 55. 10.1186\/s13047-020-00422-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"r28","series-title":"Journal of Sports Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1054861","article-title":"Cold-water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balance of basketball players during vertical jump landing","volume":"34","author":"Macedo, C.S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macedo, C.S., Vicente, R.C., Ces\u00e1rio, M.D., & Guirro, R.R. (2016). Cold-water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balance of basketball players during vertical jump landing. Journal of Sports Science, 34(4), 348\u2013357. 10.1080\/02640414.2015.1054861"},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,","first-page":"744","article-title":"Physical and cognitive performance during long-term cold weather operations","volume":"76","author":"Marrao, C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marrao, C., Tikuisis, P., Keefe, A., Gil, V., & Giesbrecht, G.G. (2005). Physical and cognitive performance during long-term cold weather operations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 76, 744\u2013752."},{"key":"r30","series-title":"Journal of Foot and Ankle Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1","article-title":"Toe grip force of the dominant foot is associated with fall risk in community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Matsuno, S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsuno, S., Yoshimura, A., Yoshike, T., Morita, S., Fuji, Y., Honma, M., Ozeki, Y., & Kuriyama, K. (2022). Toe grip force of the dominant foot is associated with fall risk in community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 15, Article 42. 10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1"},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-1993-3305","article-title":"Effects of cold water application on isokinetic strength of the plantar flexors","volume":"3","author":"Mattacola, C.G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mattacola, C.G., & Perrin, D.H. (1993). Effects of cold water application on isokinetic strength of the plantar flexors. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 3, 152\u2013159. 10.3233\/IES-1993-3305"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.011","article-title":"Toe weakness and deformity increase the risk of falls in older people","volume":"24","author":"Mickle, K.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mickle, K.J., Munro, B.J., Lord, S.R., Menz, H.B., & Steele, J.R. (2009). Toe weakness and deformity increase the risk of falls in older people. Clinical Biomechanics, 24, 787\u2013791. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.011"},{"key":"r33","series-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-143","article-title":"Association between toe flexor strength and spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older people","volume":"11","author":"Miso, S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miso, S., Doi, T., Asai, T., Sawa, R., Tsutsumimoto, K., Nakakubo, S., Yamada, M., & Ono, R. (2014). Association between toe flexor strength and spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older people. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 11, Article 143. 10.1186\/1743-0003-11-143"},{"issue":"1","key":"r34","series-title":"Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000379","article-title":"Effect of segmental, localized lower limb cooling on dynamic balance","volume":"47","author":"Montgomery, R.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montgomery, R.E., Hartley, G.L., Tyler, C.J., & Cheung, S.S. (2015). Effect of segmental, localized lower limb cooling on dynamic balance. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 47(1), 66\u201373. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000379"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Experimental Brain Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3002-2","article-title":"Reduced input from foot sole skin through cooling differentially modulates the short latency and medium latency vestibular reflex responses to galvanic vestibular stimulation","volume":"218","author":"Muise, S.B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muise, S.B., Lam, C.K., & Bent, L.R. (2012). Reduced input from foot sole skin through cooling differentially modulates the short latency and medium latency vestibular reflex responses to galvanic vestibular stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 218, 63\u201371. 10.1007\/s00221-012-3002-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"r36","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050193","article-title":"Muscle performance and electromyogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold exposure","volume":"75","author":"Oksa, J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oksa, J., Rintam\u00e4ki, H., & Rissanen,S. (1997). Muscle performance and electromyogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold exposure. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 75(6), 484\u2013490. 10.1007\/s004210050193"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0920-6","article-title":"Effect of local leg cooling on upper limb trajectories and muscle function and whole body dynamic balance","volume":"105","author":"Piedrahita, H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Piedrahita, H., Oksa, J., Rintamaki, H., & Malm, C. (2009). Effect of local leg cooling on upper limb trajectories and muscle function and whole body dynamic balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(3), 429\u2013438. 10.1007\/s00421-008-0920-6"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"Gait & Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.006","article-title":"The evidence for improving balance by strengthening the toe flexor muscles: A systemic review","volume":"81","author":"Quinlan, S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quinlan, S., Yan, A.F., Sinclair, P., & Hunt, A. (2020). The evidence for improving balance by strengthening the toe flexor muscles: A systemic review. Gait & Posture, 81, 56\u201366. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.07.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"r39","series-title":"Brain Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030215","article-title":"Toe grip strength is associated with improving gait function in patients with subacute stroke","volume":"14","author":"Ryu, J.W.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ryu, J.W., Hwang, I.S., Jin, S., Kim, S.A., & Kim, M.S. (2024). Toe grip strength is associated with improving gait function in patients with subacute stroke. Brain Science, 14(3), Article 215. 10.3390\/brainsci14030215"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"r40","series-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences,","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effects of cold application on isometric strength and endurance of quadriceps femoris muscle","volume":"28","author":"Sanyo, A.O.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanyo, A.O., & Bello, A.O. (1999). Effects of cold application on isometric strength and endurance of quadriceps femoris muscle. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 28(3\u20134), 195\u2013198."},{"issue":"3","key":"r41","series-title":"Gait and Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.019","article-title":"Decreased skin temperature of the foot increases gait variability in healthy young adults","volume":"38","author":"Sawa R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sawa R, Doi, T., Misu, S., Tsutsumimoto, K., Fujino, H., & Ono, R. (2013). Decreased skin temperature of the foot increases gait variability in healthy young adults. Gait and Posture, 38(3), 518\u2013522. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.019"},{"issue":"8","key":"r42","series-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.06.010","article-title":"Foot sole skin temperature affets plantar foot sensitivity","volume":"120","author":"Schlee, G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schlee, G., Sterzing, T., & Milani, T.L. (2009). Foot sole skin temperature affets plantar foot sensitivity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(8), 1548\u20131551. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.06.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"r43","series-title":"Journal of Sports and Health Science,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.07.005","article-title":"Relationship of proprioception, cutaneous sensitivity, and muscle strength with the balance control among older adults","volume":"10","author":"Song, Q.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, Q., Zhang, X., Mao, M., Sun, W., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., & Li, L. (2021). Relationship of proprioception, cutaneous sensitivity, and muscle strength with the balance control among older adults. Journal of Sports and Health Science, 10(5), 585\u2013593. 10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.07.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"r44","series-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.024","article-title":"Foot and ankle strength, range of motion, posture, and deformity are associated with balance and functional ability in older adults","volume":"92","author":"Spink, M.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spink, M.J., Fotoohabadi, M.R., Wee, E., Hill, K.D., Lord, S.R., & Menz, H.B. (2011). Foot and ankle strength, range of motion, posture, and deformity are associated with balance and functional ability in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(1), 68\u201375. 10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.024"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"Journal of Vestibular Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1","article-title":"Effects of hypothermic anesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation","volume":"13","author":"Stal, F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stal, F., Fransson, P.A., Magnusson, M., & Karlberg, M. (2003). Effects of hypothermic anesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation. Journal of Vestibular Research, 13(1), 39\u201352. 10.1186\/s13047-022-00548-1"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"r46","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0927-y","article-title":"Local tissue temperature effects on peak torque and muscular endurance during siometric Knee extension","volume":"90","author":"Thornley, L.J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thornley, L.J., Maxwell, N.S., & Cheung, S.S. (2003). Local tissue temperature effects on peak torque and muscular endurance during siometric Knee extension. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(5\u20136), 588\u2013594. 10.1007\/s00421-003-0927-y"},{"key":"r47","series-title":"Journal of Sports Mecicine and Physical Fitness,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07473-4","article-title":"Toe grip strength in middle-aged individuals as a risk factor for falls","volume":"58","author":"Tsuyuguchi, R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsuyuguchi, R., Kurose, S., Seto, T., Takao, N., Tagashira, S., Tsutsumi, H., Otsuki, S., & Kimura, Y. (2018). Toe grip strength in middle-aged individuals as a risk factor for falls. Journal of Sports Mecicine and Physical Fitness, 58, 1325\u20131330. 10.23736\/S0022-4707.17.07473-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"r48","series-title":"Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2015-0123","article-title":"The relationship between toe grip strength and dynanmic balance or functional mobility among community-dwelling Japanese older adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Uritani, D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uritani, D., Fukumoto, T., Matsumotor, D., & Shima, M. (2016). The relationship between toe grip strength and dynanmic balance or functional mobility among community-dwelling Japanese older adults: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(3), 459\u2013464. 10.1123\/japa.2015-0123"},{"key":"r49","series-title":"Applied Ergonomics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104108","article-title":"The characterization of thermal perception in recreational surfers wearing wetsuits","volume":"113","author":"Warner, M.E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Warner, M.E., Nessler, J.A., Filingeri, D., & Newcomer, S.C. (2023). The characterization of thermal perception in recreational surfers wearing wetsuits. Applied Ergonomics, 113, Article 104108. 10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104108"},{"key":"r50","series-title":"Journal of Biomechanics,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109719","article-title":"Importance of toe flexor strength in vertical jump performance","volume":"104","author":"Yamauchi, J.","year":"2019a","unstructured":"Yamauchi, J., & Koyama, K. (2019a). Importance of toe flexor strength in vertical jump performance. Journal of Biomechanics, 104, Article 109719. 10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109719"},{"key":"r51","series-title":"Gait and Posture,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.381","article-title":"Toe flexor strength is not related to postural stability during static upright standing in healthy young individuals","volume":"73","author":"Yamauchi, J.","year":"2019b","unstructured":"Yamauchi, J., & Koyama, K. (2019b). Toe flexor strength is not related to postural stability during static upright standing in healthy young individuals. Gait and Posture, 73, 323\u2013327. 10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.07.381"},{"issue":"2","key":"r52","series-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0715-9","article-title":"Effects of pressure, cold and gloves on hand skin temperature and manual performance of divers","volume":"104","author":"Zander, J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zander, J., & Morrison, J. (2008). Effects of pressure, cold and gloves on hand skin temperature and manual performance of divers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(2), 237\u2013244. 10.1007\/s00421-008-0715-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"r53","series-title":"Motor Control,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.4.2.185","article-title":"Rambling and trembling in quiet standing","volume":"4","author":"Zatsiorsky, V.M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky, V.M., & Duarte, M. (2000). Rambling and trembling in quiet standing. Motor Control, 4(2), 185\u2013200. 10.1123\/mcj.4.2.185"}],"container-title":["Motor Control"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/mcj\/30\/1\/article-p82.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/mcj\/30\/1\/article-p82.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/mcj\/30\/1\/article-p82.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T23:45:39Z","timestamp":1767051939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/mcj\/30\/1\/article-p82.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/mc.2025-0025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-1640","1543-2696"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1087-1640"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2696"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}