{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:47:57Z","timestamp":1782406077636,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A core feature of joint action is task-sharing\u2014the dynamic coordination of individual efforts to produce and stabilize a shared outcome. Yet, it remains unclear which features of task-sharing dynamics relate to stable performance. In this study, we address this gap by identifying behavioral markers that capture the organization and robustness of task-sharing in a joint force-production task. Thirty dyads performed a continuous force-production task in which each partner independently applied force to jointly match a target total force. Real-time visual feedback was provided on their combined output. The task was completed under low-force (10% maximum voluntary contraction) and high-force (30% maximum voluntary contraction) conditions to manipulate difficulty. Trials revealed qualitatively distinct patterns of force contribution, including cases in which a single partner carried most of the output, patterns in which partners contributed with distinct temporal roles, and fully synergistic task-sharing in which both partners continuously shaped total force fluctuations. We used within-trial uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis to characterize the dominant, synergistic mode along two dimensions. The first is the degree of variation in task-sharing patterns that leaves performance unchanged (\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>UCM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ). The second is the degree of irregularity\u2014computed as sample entropy\u2014of these patterns (\n                    <jats:italic>SampEn<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>UCM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Dyads with lower\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>UCM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and lower\n                    <jats:italic>SampEn<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>UCM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    demonstrated greater performance stability.\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>UCM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>SampEn<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>UCM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    thus serve as indices of robust task-sharing patterns, offering behavioral access to the control mechanisms that enable stable joint performance, particularly under more challenging conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2025-0076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:34:59Z","timestamp":1777080899000},"page":"218-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Working Together: Synergistic Predictors of Dyadic Performance in a Shared Force-Production Task"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1959-1824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amutha","family":"De Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1107-0595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole S.","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9569-9560","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francis M.","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-4305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tehran","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0019-6436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda","family":"Haskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3749-5575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Experimental Brain Research,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4148-x","article-title":"Processes underlying unintentional finger-force changes in the absence of visual feedback","volume":"233","author":"Ambike, S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ambike, S., Zatsiorsky, V.M., & Latash, M.L. 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