{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:25:23Z","timestamp":1772450723109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The purpose of this study is to describe the association between the volume and intensity of accelerometer-assessed physical activity (PA) and markers of obesity.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Method<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Forty-seven children (20 girls) took part in this investigation. Children wore accelerometers on their nondominant wrists for 7\u00a0days. PA was expressed as average acceleration (AvAcc, proxy of PA volume), intensity gradient (IG, distribution of intensity across the 24-h profile), and the acceleration of the most active 5 to 120\u00a0minutes of the day (MX, where X\u2009=\u20095\u2013120). Markers of obesity used were body mass index (BMI), BMI\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    score, obesity severity as the BMI percentage of the 95th percentile, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    AvAcc and IG of the sample were 37.3 (11.2) and \u22122.19 (0.16), respectively. The standardized coefficients indicated that increases in 1 standard deviation of IG (0.2 for the present sample) were associated with a decrease of BMI (\u22122.3; 95% CI, \u22124.13 to \u22120.39\u00a0kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), obesity severity as the BMI percentage of the 95th percentile (\u22129.9; 95% CI, \u221218.78 to \u22120.91), body fat percentage (\u22123.6; 95% CI, \u22126.68 to \u22120.57%), and waist-to-hip ratio (\u22120.02; 95% CI, \u22120.04 to \u22120.00) independent of AvAcc. No associations were found for AvAcc and obesity markers when controlling for IG.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Children with obesity perform little PA. The distribution of PA intensity may be important for improving BMI, obesity severity as the BMI percentage of the 95th percentile, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2024-0079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T12:05:29Z","timestamp":1738152329000},"page":"17-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Association Between Physical Activity and Markers of Obesity in Children Living With Obesity"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-6285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eliete Samara Batista dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INTEGRA\u2014Integrative Physiology, Health, and Performance Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8069-6608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iluska Almeida Carneiro Martins de","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Infantil Varela Santiago, Natal, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-2575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mayara Sanay da Silva","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Infantil Varela Santiago, Natal, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7255-9717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe Vogt","family":"Cureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INTEGRA\u2014Integrative Physiology, Health, and Performance Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6743-0070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnaldo Luis","family":"Mortatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INTEGRA\u2014Integrative Physiology, Health, and Performance Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4246-1855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Santos Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INTEGRA\u2014Integrative Physiology, Health, and Performance Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5212-4","article-title":"A comparison of 10 accelerometer non-wear time criteria and logbooks in children","volume":"18","author":"Aadland E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aadland E, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK. A comparison of 10 accelerometer non-wear time criteria and logbooks in children. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):212. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5212-4"},{"issue":"9532","key":"r2","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69075-2","article-title":"Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study)","volume":"368","author":"Andersen LB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andersen LB, Harro M, Sardinha LB, et\u00a0al. Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study). Lancet. 2006;368(9532):299\u2013304. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69075-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01766-0","article-title":"Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"19","author":"Bermejo-Cantarero A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bermejo-Cantarero A, \u00c1lvarez-Bueno C, Mart\u00ednez-Vizcaino V, Redondo-T\u00e9bar A, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez M. Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):766. doi:10.1186\/s12955-021-01766-0"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Guia de Atividade F\u00edsica para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brazil. Guia de Atividade F\u00edsica para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Secretaria de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Prim\u00e1ria \u00e0 Sa\u00fade Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade; 2021."},{"issue":"23","key":"r5","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1664536","article-title":"The use of the intensity gradient and average acceleration metrics to explore associations with BMI z-score in children","volume":"37","author":"Buchan DS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buchan DS, McLellan G, Donnelly S, Arthur R. The use of the intensity gradient and average acceleration metrics to explore associations with BMI z-score in children. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(23):2751\u201358. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1664536"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.135","article-title":"Vigorous physical activity and longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth","volume":"38","author":"Carson V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carson V, Rinaldi RL, Torrance B, et\u00a0al. Vigorous physical activity and longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth. Int J Obes. 2013;38(1):16\u201321. doi:10.1038\/ijo.2013.135"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0274-5","article-title":"Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International children\u2019s accelerometry database (ICAD)","volume":"12","author":"Cooper AR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cooper AR, Goodman A, Page AS, et\u00a0al. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International children\u2019s accelerometry database (ICAD). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):274. doi:10.1186\/s12966-015-0274-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8","series-title":"Obes Sci Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.114","article-title":"Cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference in children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Dalene KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dalene KE, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB, et\u00a0al. Cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference in children and adolescents. Obes Sci Pract. 2017;3(3):249\u201357. doi:10.1002\/osp4.114"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.02.002","article-title":"Daily physical activity related to body fat in children aged 8-11\u00a0years","volume":"149","author":"Dencker M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dencker M, Thorsson O, Karlsson MK, et\u00a0al. Daily physical activity related to body fat in children aged 8-11\u00a0years. J Pediatr. 2006;149(1):38\u201342. doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.02.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5207-1","article-title":"Adiposity and the isotemporal substitution of physical activity, sedentary time and sleep among school-aged children: a compositional data analysis approach","volume":"18","author":"Dumuid D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumuid D, Stanford TE, Pedi\u0161i\u0107 \u017d, et\u00a0al. Adiposity and the isotemporal substitution of physical activity, sedentary time and sleep among school-aged children: a compositional data analysis approach. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):207. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5207-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"Environ Health Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00987-5","article-title":"Associations of novel 24-h accelerometer-derived metrics with adiposity in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Dygr\u00fdn J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dygr\u00fdn J, Medrano M, Molina-Garcia P, et\u00a0al. Associations of novel 24-h accelerometer-derived metrics with adiposity in children and adolescents. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26(1):66. doi:10.1186\/s12199-021-00987-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"BMC Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1031-0","article-title":"Comparison of accelerometer measured levels of physical activity and sedentary time between obese and non-obese children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Elmesmari R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elmesmari R, Martin A, Reilly JJ, Paton JY. Comparison of accelerometer measured levels of physical activity and sedentary time between obese and non-obese children and adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):1031. doi:10.1186\/s12887-018-1031-0"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Prev Med Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.07.011","article-title":"Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children\u2019s school day activity behaviours: a compositional data analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fairclough SJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fairclough SJ, Dumuid D, Mackintosh KA, et\u00a0al. Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children\u2019s school day activity behaviours: a compositional data analysis. Prev Med Rep. 2018;11:254\u201361. doi:10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.07.011"},{"issue":"14","key":"r14","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148778","article-title":"The physical behaviour intensity spectrum and body mass index in school-aged youth: a compositional analysis of pooled individual participant data","volume":"19","author":"Fairclough SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fairclough SJ, Hurter L, Dumuid D, et\u00a0al. The physical behaviour intensity spectrum and body mass index in school-aged youth: a compositional analysis of pooled individual participant data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8778. doi:10.3390\/ijerph19148778"},{"issue":"18","key":"r15","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1624313","article-title":"Average acceleration and intensity gradient of primary school children and associations with indicators of health and well-being","volume":"37","author":"Fairclough SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fairclough SJ, Taylor S, Rowlands AV, Boddy LM, Noonan RJ. Average acceleration and intensity gradient of primary school children and associations with indicators of health and well-being. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(18):2159\u201367. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1624313"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Obes Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12953","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Farooq MA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farooq MA, Martin A, Janssen X, et\u00a0al. Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(1):e12953. doi:10.1111\/obr.12953"},{"issue":"15","key":"r17","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096933","article-title":"Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead millennium cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Farooq MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farooq MA, Parkinson KN, Adamson AJ, et\u00a0al. Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead millennium cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(15):1002\u20136. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096933"},{"issue":"10","key":"r18","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2014-0406","article-title":"Association between television viewing and physical activity in 10-year-old Brazilian children","volume":"12","author":"Ferrari GLM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferrari GLM, Araujo TL, Oliveira L, et\u00a0al. Association between television viewing and physical activity in 10-year-old Brazilian children. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(10):1401\u20138. doi:10.1123\/jpah.2014-0406"},{"issue":"5","key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28335","article-title":"Characterizing extreme values of body mass index\u2013for-age by using the 2000 centers for disease control and prevention growth charts","volume":"90","author":"Flegal KM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Flegal KM, Wei R, Ogden CL, Freedman DS, Johnson CL, Curtin LR. Characterizing extreme values of body mass index\u2013for-age by using the 2000 centers for disease control and prevention growth charts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1314\u201320. doi:10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28335"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.039","article-title":"The limitations of transforming very high body mass indexes into z-Scores among 8.7 million 2- to 4-year-old children","volume":"188","author":"Freedman DS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Butte NF, Taveras EM, Goodman AB, Ogden CL, Blanck HM. The limitations of transforming very high body mass indexes into z-Scores among 8.7 million 2- to 4-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2017;188:50\u20136.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.039"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802735","article-title":"Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Freedman DS","year":"2005","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Wang J, Maynard LM, et\u00a0al. Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents. Int J Obes. 2005;29(1):735. doi:10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802735"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"Glob Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00954-5","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal trends in global childhood overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2030: a weight mean center and projection analysis of 191 countries","volume":"19","author":"Gao L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao L, Peng W, Xue H, et\u00a0al. Spatial\u2013temporal trends in global childhood overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2030: a weight mean center and projection analysis of 191 countries. Glob Health. 2023;19(1):53. doi:10.1186\/s12992-023-00954-5"},{"issue":"23","key":"r23","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316262","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity and physical activity in schoolchildren: the effect of mediation","volume":"19","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez N, Ribeiro JC, Mota J. Cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity and physical activity in schoolchildren: the effect of mediation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):16262. doi:10.3390\/ijerph192316262"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23\u201335. doi:10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060640","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity","volume":"151","author":"Hampl SE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et\u00a0al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):640. doi:10.1542\/peds.2022-060640"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-47","article-title":"The impact of rainfall and school break time policies on physical activity in 9\u201310\u00a0year old British children: a repeated measures study","volume":"8","author":"Harrison F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harrison F, Jones AP, Bentham G, van Sluijs EM, Cassidy A, Griffin SJ. The impact of rainfall and school break time policies on physical activity in 9\u201310\u00a0year old British children: a repeated measures study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:47. doi:10.1186\/1479-5868-8-47"},{"issue":"11","key":"r27","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1028","article-title":"Physical activity intensity and cardiometabolic risk in youth","volume":"166","author":"Hay J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hay J, Maximova K, Durksen A, et\u00a0al. Physical activity intensity and cardiometabolic risk in youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(11):1022\u20139. doi:10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1028"},{"issue":"9","key":"r28","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000289","article-title":"Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist-and hip-worn monitors","volume":"46","author":"Hildebrand M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hildebrand M, Van Hees VT, Hansen BH, Ekelund U. Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist-and hip-worn monitors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(9):1816\u201324. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000289"},{"issue":"11","key":"r29","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090199","article-title":"Physical activity and obesity in children author physical activity and obesity in children","volume":"45","author":"Hills AP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hills AP, Andersen LB, Byrne NM. Physical activity and obesity in children author physical activity and obesity in children. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):866\u201370. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090199"},{"issue":"3","key":"r30","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2008.10599491","article-title":"Are parental concerns about children\u2019s inactivity warranted, and are they associated with a supportive home environment?","volume":"79","author":"Jackson M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jackson M, Crawford D, Campbell K, Salmon J. Are parental concerns about children\u2019s inactivity warranted, and are they associated with a supportive home environment? Res Q Exerc Sport. 2008; 79(3), 274\u201382. doi:10.1080\/02701367.2008.10599491"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31","series-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X","article-title":"Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management","volume":"10","author":"Jebeile H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O\u2019Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):351\u201365. doi:10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"medRxiv","article-title":"Gender differences in the distribution of children\u2019s physical activity: evidence from nine countries","volume":"10","author":"Kretschmer L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kretschmer L, Salali GD, Andersen LB, et\u00a0al. Gender differences in the distribution of children\u2019s physical activity: evidence from nine countries. medRxiv. 2023;10:855."},{"issue":"12","key":"r33","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002089","article-title":"Correlates of children\u2019s physical activity: a Canadian multisite study","volume":"51","author":"Larouche R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larouche R, Blanchette S, Faulkner G, Riazi N, Trudeau F, Tremblay MS. Correlates of children\u2019s physical activity: a Canadian multisite study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(12):2482\u201390. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002089"},{"issue":"11","key":"r34","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00908-0","article-title":"Association of dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours with overweight and obesity among 282,213 adolescents in 89 low and middle income to high-income countries","volume":"45","author":"Mahumud RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahumud RA, Sahle BW, Owusu-Addo E, Chen W, Morton RL, Renzaho AMN. Association of dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours with overweight and obesity among 282,213 adolescents in 89 low and middle income to high-income countries. Int J Obes. 2021;45(11):2404\u201318. doi:10.1038\/s41366-021-00908-0"},{"issue":"9","key":"r35","series-title":"Can J Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.06.020","article-title":"Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: working toward solutions","volume":"36","author":"McPhee PG","year":"2020","unstructured":"McPhee PG, Singh S, Morrison KM. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: working toward solutions. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(9):1352\u201361. doi:10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.06.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"r36","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14065","article-title":"Associations of fitness and physical activity with specific abdominal fat depots in children with overweight\/obesity","volume":"32","author":"Medrano M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Medrano M, Cadenas-S\u00e1nchez C, Oses M, et\u00a0al. Associations of fitness and physical activity with specific abdominal fat depots in children with overweight\/obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(1):211\u201322. doi:10.1111\/sms.14065"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","series-title":"J Meas Phys Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063","article-title":"GGIR: a research community\u2013driven open source r package for generating physical activity and sleep outcomes from multi-day raw accelerometer data","volume":"2","author":"Migueles JH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Migueles JH, Rowlands AV, Huber F, Sabia S, Van Hees VT. GGIR: a research community\u2013driven open source r package for generating physical activity and sleep outcomes from multi-day raw accelerometer data. J Meas Phys Behav. 2019;2(3):188\u201396. doi:10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063"},{"issue":"2","key":"r38","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118850","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic function, cardiovascular risk and physical activity in adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Oliveira RS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira RS, Barker AR, Williams CA. Cardiac autonomic function, cardiovascular risk and physical activity in adolescents. Int J Sports Med. 2018;39(2):89\u201396. doi:10.1055\/s-0043-118850"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.01.014","article-title":"Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in young adults: a birth cohort from southern Brazil","volume":"235","author":"Oliveira RS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliveira RS, Schneider BC, Callo-Quinte G, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in young adults: a birth cohort from southern Brazil. Am Heart J. 2021;235:65\u201373. doi:10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.01.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"PLoS Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001618","article-title":"Assessing causality in the association between child adiposity and physical activity levels: a mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"11","author":"Richmond RC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richmond RC, Davey Smith G, Ness AR, den Hoed M, McMahon G, Timpson NJ. Assessing causality in the association between child adiposity and physical activity levels: a mendelian randomization analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(3):e1001618. doi:10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001618"},{"issue":"4","key":"r41","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0201","article-title":"Moving forward with accelerometer-assessed physical activity: two strategies to ensure meaningful, interpretable, and comparable measures","volume":"30","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rowlands AV. Moving forward with accelerometer-assessed physical activity: two strategies to ensure meaningful, interpretable, and comparable measures. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2018;30(4):450\u20136. doi:10.1123\/pes.2018-0201"},{"issue":"11","key":"r42","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001015","article-title":"Moving forward with backward compatibility: translating wrist accelerometer data","volume":"48","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Cliff DP, Fairclough SJ, et\u00a0al. Moving forward with backward compatibility: translating wrist accelerometer data. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2142\u20139. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001015"},{"issue":"1","key":"r43","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0225-9","article-title":"Enhancing the value of accelerometer-assessed physical activity: meaningful visual comparisons of data-driven translational accelerometer metrics","volume":"5","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Dawkins NP, Maylor B, et\u00a0al. Enhancing the value of accelerometer-assessed physical activity: meaningful visual comparisons of data-driven translational accelerometer metrics. Sports Med Open. 2019;5(1):225. doi:10.1186\/s40798-019-0225-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"r44","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001561","article-title":"Beyond cut points: accelerometer metrics that capture the physical activity profile","volume":"50","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Edwardson CL, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Harrington DM, Yates T. Beyond cut points: accelerometer metrics that capture the physical activity profile. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(6):1323\u201332. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001561"},{"issue":"11","key":"r45","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002047","article-title":"Activity intensity, volume, and norms: utility and interpretation of accelerometer metrics","volume":"51","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Fairclough SJ, Yates T, et\u00a0al. Activity intensity, volume, and norms: utility and interpretation of accelerometer metrics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(11):2410\u201322. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002047"},{"issue":"2","key":"r46","series-title":"Med J Aus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00117.x","article-title":"Television viewing habits associated with obesity risk factors: a survey of Melbourne schoolchildren","volume":"184","author":"Salmon J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salmon J, Campbell KJ, Crawford DA. Television viewing habits associated with obesity risk factors: a survey of Melbourne schoolchildren. Med J Aus. 2006;184(2):64\u20137. doi:10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00117.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"J Sports Sci Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2023.117","article-title":"The influence of accelerometer epoch length on associations of physical activity intensity and volume with bone outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Skinner AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skinner AM, Rowlands AV, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Janz KF, Moore SA. The influence of accelerometer epoch length on associations of physical activity intensity and volume with bone outcomes. J Sports Sci Med. 2023; 22(1):117. doi:10.52082\/jssm.2023.117"},{"issue":"3","key":"r48","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14255","article-title":"Physical activity volume and intensity distribution in relation to bone, lean and fat mass in children","volume":"33","author":"Skinner AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skinner AM, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, et\u00a0al. Physical activity volume and intensity distribution in relation to bone, lean and fat mass in children. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33(3):267\u201382. doi:10.1111\/sms.14255"},{"issue":"12","key":"r49","series-title":"Nat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02100-x","article-title":"Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality","volume":"28","author":"Stamatakis E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stamatakis E, Ahmadi MN, Gill JMR, et\u00a0al. Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality. Nat Med. 2022;28(12):2521\u20139. doi:10.1038\/s41591-022-02100-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"r50","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00930-x","article-title":"Variations in accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time across Europe-harmonized analyses of 47,497 children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Steene-Johannessen J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Dalene KE, et\u00a0al. Variations in accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time across Europe-harmonized analyses of 47,497 children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):930. doi:10.1186\/s12966-020-00930-x"},{"issue":"8","key":"r51","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0053-x","article-title":"Compositional associations of time spent in sleep, sedentary behavior and physical activity with obesity measures in children","volume":"42","author":"Talarico R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talarico R, Janssen I. Compositional associations of time spent in sleep, sedentary behavior and physical activity with obesity measures in children. Int J Obes. 2018;42(8):1508\u201314. doi:10.1038\/s41366-018-0053-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"r52","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00421.2014","article-title":"Autocalibration of accelerometer data for free-living physical activity assessment using local gravity and temperature: an evaluation on four continents","volume":"117","author":"Van Hees VT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Hees VT, Fang Z, Langford J, et\u00a0al. Autocalibration of accelerometer data for free-living physical activity assessment using local gravity and temperature: an evaluation on four continents. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(7):738\u201344. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00421.2014"},{"key":"r53","series-title":"Draft Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Obesity Over the Life Course, Including Potential Targets","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Draft Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Obesity Over the Life Course, Including Potential Targets. 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"r54","series-title":"Int J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2","article-title":"Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children","volume":"61","author":"Zaqout M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaqout M, Vyncke K, Moreno LA, et\u00a0al. Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(5):573\u201382. doi:10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r1","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5212-4","article-title":"A comparison of 10 accelerometer non-wear time criteria and logbooks in children","volume":"18","author":"Aadland E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aadland E, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK. A comparison of 10 accelerometer non-wear time criteria and logbooks in children. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):212. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5212-4"},{"issue":"9532","key":"r2","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69075-2","article-title":"Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study)","volume":"368","author":"Andersen LB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andersen LB, Harro M, Sardinha LB, et\u00a0al. Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study). Lancet. 2006;368(9532):299\u2013304. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69075-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01766-0","article-title":"Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"19","author":"Bermejo-Cantarero A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bermejo-Cantarero A, \u00c1lvarez-Bueno C, Mart\u00ednez-Vizcaino V, Redondo-T\u00e9bar A, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez M. Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):766. doi:10.1186\/s12955-021-01766-0"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Guia de Atividade F\u00edsica para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brazil. Guia de Atividade F\u00edsica para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Secretaria de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Prim\u00e1ria \u00e0 Sa\u00fade Departamento de Promo\u00e7\u00e3o da Sa\u00fade Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade; 2021."},{"issue":"23","key":"r5","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1664536","article-title":"The use of the intensity gradient and average acceleration metrics to explore associations with BMI z-score in children","volume":"37","author":"Buchan DS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buchan DS, McLellan G, Donnelly S, Arthur R. The use of the intensity gradient and average acceleration metrics to explore associations with BMI z-score in children. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(23):2751\u201358. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1664536"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.135","article-title":"Vigorous physical activity and longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth","volume":"38","author":"Carson V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carson V, Rinaldi RL, Torrance B, et\u00a0al. Vigorous physical activity and longitudinal associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in youth. Int J Obes. 2013;38(1):16\u201321. doi:10.1038\/ijo.2013.135"},{"issue":"1","key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0274-5","article-title":"Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International children\u2019s accelerometry database (ICAD)","volume":"12","author":"Cooper AR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cooper AR, Goodman A, Page AS, et\u00a0al. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: The International children\u2019s accelerometry database (ICAD). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):274. doi:10.1186\/s12966-015-0274-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"r8","series-title":"Obes Sci Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.114","article-title":"Cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference in children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Dalene KE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dalene KE, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB, et\u00a0al. Cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference in children and adolescents. Obes Sci Pract. 2017;3(3):249\u201357. doi:10.1002\/osp4.114"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.02.002","article-title":"Daily physical activity related to body fat in children aged 8-11\u00a0years","volume":"149","author":"Dencker M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dencker M, Thorsson O, Karlsson MK, et\u00a0al. Daily physical activity related to body fat in children aged 8-11\u00a0years. J Pediatr. 2006;149(1):38\u201342. doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.02.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5207-1","article-title":"Adiposity and the isotemporal substitution of physical activity, sedentary time and sleep among school-aged children: a compositional data analysis approach","volume":"18","author":"Dumuid D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumuid D, Stanford TE, Pedi\u0161i\u0107 \u017d, et\u00a0al. Adiposity and the isotemporal substitution of physical activity, sedentary time and sleep among school-aged children: a compositional data analysis approach. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):207. doi:10.1186\/s12889-018-5207-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"Environ Health Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00987-5","article-title":"Associations of novel 24-h accelerometer-derived metrics with adiposity in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Dygr\u00fdn J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dygr\u00fdn J, Medrano M, Molina-Garcia P, et\u00a0al. Associations of novel 24-h accelerometer-derived metrics with adiposity in children and adolescents. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26(1):66. doi:10.1186\/s12199-021-00987-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"BMC Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1031-0","article-title":"Comparison of accelerometer measured levels of physical activity and sedentary time between obese and non-obese children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Elmesmari R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elmesmari R, Martin A, Reilly JJ, Paton JY. Comparison of accelerometer measured levels of physical activity and sedentary time between obese and non-obese children and adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):1031. doi:10.1186\/s12887-018-1031-0"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Prev Med Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.07.011","article-title":"Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children\u2019s school day activity behaviours: a compositional data analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fairclough SJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fairclough SJ, Dumuid D, Mackintosh KA, et\u00a0al. Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children\u2019s school day activity behaviours: a compositional data analysis. Prev Med Rep. 2018;11:254\u201361. doi:10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.07.011"},{"issue":"14","key":"r14","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148778","article-title":"The physical behaviour intensity spectrum and body mass index in school-aged youth: a compositional analysis of pooled individual participant data","volume":"19","author":"Fairclough SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fairclough SJ, Hurter L, Dumuid D, et\u00a0al. The physical behaviour intensity spectrum and body mass index in school-aged youth: a compositional analysis of pooled individual participant data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8778. doi:10.3390\/ijerph19148778"},{"issue":"18","key":"r15","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1624313","article-title":"Average acceleration and intensity gradient of primary school children and associations with indicators of health and well-being","volume":"37","author":"Fairclough SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fairclough SJ, Taylor S, Rowlands AV, Boddy LM, Noonan RJ. Average acceleration and intensity gradient of primary school children and associations with indicators of health and well-being. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(18):2159\u201367. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1624313"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Obes Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12953","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Farooq MA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farooq MA, Martin A, Janssen X, et\u00a0al. Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(1):e12953. doi:10.1111\/obr.12953"},{"issue":"15","key":"r17","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096933","article-title":"Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead millennium cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Farooq MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farooq MA, Parkinson KN, Adamson AJ, et\u00a0al. Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead millennium cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(15):1002\u20136. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096933"},{"issue":"10","key":"r18","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2014-0406","article-title":"Association between television viewing and physical activity in 10-year-old Brazilian children","volume":"12","author":"Ferrari GLM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferrari GLM, Araujo TL, Oliveira L, et\u00a0al. Association between television viewing and physical activity in 10-year-old Brazilian children. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(10):1401\u20138. doi:10.1123\/jpah.2014-0406"},{"issue":"5","key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28335","article-title":"Characterizing extreme values of body mass index\u2013for-age by using the 2000 centers for disease control and prevention growth charts","volume":"90","author":"Flegal KM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Flegal KM, Wei R, Ogden CL, Freedman DS, Johnson CL, Curtin LR. Characterizing extreme values of body mass index\u2013for-age by using the 2000 centers for disease control and prevention growth charts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1314\u201320. doi:10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28335"},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.039","article-title":"The limitations of transforming very high body mass indexes into z-Scores among 8.7 million 2- to 4-year-old children","volume":"188","author":"Freedman DS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Butte NF, Taveras EM, Goodman AB, Ogden CL, Blanck HM. The limitations of transforming very high body mass indexes into z-Scores among 8.7 million 2- to 4-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2017;188:50\u20136.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.039"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802735","article-title":"Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Freedman DS","year":"2005","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Wang J, Maynard LM, et\u00a0al. Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents. Int J Obes. 2005;29(1):735. doi:10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802735"},{"issue":"1","key":"r22","series-title":"Glob Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00954-5","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal trends in global childhood overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2030: a weight mean center and projection analysis of 191 countries","volume":"19","author":"Gao L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao L, Peng W, Xue H, et\u00a0al. Spatial\u2013temporal trends in global childhood overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2030: a weight mean center and projection analysis of 191 countries. Glob Health. 2023;19(1):53. doi:10.1186\/s12992-023-00954-5"},{"issue":"23","key":"r23","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316262","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity and physical activity in schoolchildren: the effect of mediation","volume":"19","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00e1lvez N, Ribeiro JC, Mota J. Cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity and physical activity in schoolchildren: the effect of mediation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):16262. doi:10.3390\/ijerph192316262"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23\u201335. doi:10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060640","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity","volume":"151","author":"Hampl SE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et\u00a0al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):640. doi:10.1542\/peds.2022-060640"},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-47","article-title":"The impact of rainfall and school break time policies on physical activity in 9\u201310\u00a0year old British children: a repeated measures study","volume":"8","author":"Harrison F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harrison F, Jones AP, Bentham G, van Sluijs EM, Cassidy A, Griffin SJ. The impact of rainfall and school break time policies on physical activity in 9\u201310\u00a0year old British children: a repeated measures study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:47. doi:10.1186\/1479-5868-8-47"},{"issue":"11","key":"r27","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1028","article-title":"Physical activity intensity and cardiometabolic risk in youth","volume":"166","author":"Hay J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hay J, Maximova K, Durksen A, et\u00a0al. Physical activity intensity and cardiometabolic risk in youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(11):1022\u20139. doi:10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.1028"},{"issue":"9","key":"r28","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000289","article-title":"Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist-and hip-worn monitors","volume":"46","author":"Hildebrand M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hildebrand M, Van Hees VT, Hansen BH, Ekelund U. Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist-and hip-worn monitors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(9):1816\u201324. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000289"},{"issue":"11","key":"r29","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090199","article-title":"Physical activity and obesity in children author physical activity and obesity in children","volume":"45","author":"Hills AP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hills AP, Andersen LB, Byrne NM. Physical activity and obesity in children author physical activity and obesity in children. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):866\u201370. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090199"},{"issue":"3","key":"r30","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2008.10599491","article-title":"Are parental concerns about children\u2019s inactivity warranted, and are they associated with a supportive home environment?","volume":"79","author":"Jackson M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jackson M, Crawford D, Campbell K, Salmon J. Are parental concerns about children\u2019s inactivity warranted, and are they associated with a supportive home environment? Res Q Exerc Sport. 2008; 79(3), 274\u201382. doi:10.1080\/02701367.2008.10599491"},{"issue":"5","key":"r31","series-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X","article-title":"Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management","volume":"10","author":"Jebeile H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O\u2019Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):351\u201365. doi:10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"medRxiv","article-title":"Gender differences in the distribution of children\u2019s physical activity: evidence from nine countries","volume":"10","author":"Kretschmer L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kretschmer L, Salali GD, Andersen LB, et\u00a0al. Gender differences in the distribution of children\u2019s physical activity: evidence from nine countries. medRxiv. 2023;10:855."},{"issue":"12","key":"r33","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002089","article-title":"Correlates of children\u2019s physical activity: a Canadian multisite study","volume":"51","author":"Larouche R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larouche R, Blanchette S, Faulkner G, Riazi N, Trudeau F, Tremblay MS. Correlates of children\u2019s physical activity: a Canadian multisite study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(12):2482\u201390. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002089"},{"issue":"11","key":"r34","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00908-0","article-title":"Association of dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours with overweight and obesity among 282,213 adolescents in 89 low and middle income to high-income countries","volume":"45","author":"Mahumud RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahumud RA, Sahle BW, Owusu-Addo E, Chen W, Morton RL, Renzaho AMN. Association of dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours with overweight and obesity among 282,213 adolescents in 89 low and middle income to high-income countries. Int J Obes. 2021;45(11):2404\u201318. doi:10.1038\/s41366-021-00908-0"},{"issue":"9","key":"r35","series-title":"Can J Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.06.020","article-title":"Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: working toward solutions","volume":"36","author":"McPhee PG","year":"2020","unstructured":"McPhee PG, Singh S, Morrison KM. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: working toward solutions. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(9):1352\u201361. doi:10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.06.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"r36","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14065","article-title":"Associations of fitness and physical activity with specific abdominal fat depots in children with overweight\/obesity","volume":"32","author":"Medrano M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Medrano M, Cadenas-S\u00e1nchez C, Oses M, et\u00a0al. Associations of fitness and physical activity with specific abdominal fat depots in children with overweight\/obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(1):211\u201322. doi:10.1111\/sms.14065"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","series-title":"J Meas Phys Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063","article-title":"GGIR: a research community\u2013driven open source r package for generating physical activity and sleep outcomes from multi-day raw accelerometer data","volume":"2","author":"Migueles JH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Migueles JH, Rowlands AV, Huber F, Sabia S, Van Hees VT. GGIR: a research community\u2013driven open source r package for generating physical activity and sleep outcomes from multi-day raw accelerometer data. J Meas Phys Behav. 2019;2(3):188\u201396. doi:10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063"},{"issue":"2","key":"r38","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118850","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic function, cardiovascular risk and physical activity in adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Oliveira RS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira RS, Barker AR, Williams CA. Cardiac autonomic function, cardiovascular risk and physical activity in adolescents. Int J Sports Med. 2018;39(2):89\u201396. doi:10.1055\/s-0043-118850"},{"key":"r39","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.01.014","article-title":"Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in young adults: a birth cohort from southern Brazil","volume":"235","author":"Oliveira RS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliveira RS, Schneider BC, Callo-Quinte G, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in young adults: a birth cohort from southern Brazil. Am Heart J. 2021;235:65\u201373. doi:10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.01.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"PLoS Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001618","article-title":"Assessing causality in the association between child adiposity and physical activity levels: a mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"11","author":"Richmond RC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richmond RC, Davey Smith G, Ness AR, den Hoed M, McMahon G, Timpson NJ. Assessing causality in the association between child adiposity and physical activity levels: a mendelian randomization analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(3):e1001618. doi:10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001618"},{"issue":"4","key":"r41","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0201","article-title":"Moving forward with accelerometer-assessed physical activity: two strategies to ensure meaningful, interpretable, and comparable measures","volume":"30","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rowlands AV. Moving forward with accelerometer-assessed physical activity: two strategies to ensure meaningful, interpretable, and comparable measures. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2018;30(4):450\u20136. doi:10.1123\/pes.2018-0201"},{"issue":"11","key":"r42","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001015","article-title":"Moving forward with backward compatibility: translating wrist accelerometer data","volume":"48","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Cliff DP, Fairclough SJ, et\u00a0al. Moving forward with backward compatibility: translating wrist accelerometer data. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2142\u20139. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001015"},{"issue":"1","key":"r43","series-title":"Sports Med Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0225-9","article-title":"Enhancing the value of accelerometer-assessed physical activity: meaningful visual comparisons of data-driven translational accelerometer metrics","volume":"5","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Dawkins NP, Maylor B, et\u00a0al. Enhancing the value of accelerometer-assessed physical activity: meaningful visual comparisons of data-driven translational accelerometer metrics. Sports Med Open. 2019;5(1):225. doi:10.1186\/s40798-019-0225-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"r44","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001561","article-title":"Beyond cut points: accelerometer metrics that capture the physical activity profile","volume":"50","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Edwardson CL, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Harrington DM, Yates T. Beyond cut points: accelerometer metrics that capture the physical activity profile. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(6):1323\u201332. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001561"},{"issue":"11","key":"r45","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002047","article-title":"Activity intensity, volume, and norms: utility and interpretation of accelerometer metrics","volume":"51","author":"Rowlands AV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowlands AV, Fairclough SJ, Yates T, et\u00a0al. Activity intensity, volume, and norms: utility and interpretation of accelerometer metrics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(11):2410\u201322. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002047"},{"issue":"2","key":"r46","series-title":"Med J Aus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00117.x","article-title":"Television viewing habits associated with obesity risk factors: a survey of Melbourne schoolchildren","volume":"184","author":"Salmon J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salmon J, Campbell KJ, Crawford DA. Television viewing habits associated with obesity risk factors: a survey of Melbourne schoolchildren. Med J Aus. 2006;184(2):64\u20137. doi:10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00117.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"r47","series-title":"J Sports Sci Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2023.117","article-title":"The influence of accelerometer epoch length on associations of physical activity intensity and volume with bone outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Skinner AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skinner AM, Rowlands AV, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Janz KF, Moore SA. The influence of accelerometer epoch length on associations of physical activity intensity and volume with bone outcomes. J Sports Sci Med. 2023; 22(1):117. doi:10.52082\/jssm.2023.117"},{"issue":"3","key":"r48","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14255","article-title":"Physical activity volume and intensity distribution in relation to bone, lean and fat mass in children","volume":"33","author":"Skinner AM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skinner AM, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, et\u00a0al. Physical activity volume and intensity distribution in relation to bone, lean and fat mass in children. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33(3):267\u201382. doi:10.1111\/sms.14255"},{"issue":"12","key":"r49","series-title":"Nat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02100-x","article-title":"Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality","volume":"28","author":"Stamatakis E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stamatakis E, Ahmadi MN, Gill JMR, et\u00a0al. Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality. Nat Med. 2022;28(12):2521\u20139. doi:10.1038\/s41591-022-02100-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"r50","series-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00930-x","article-title":"Variations in accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time across Europe-harmonized analyses of 47,497 children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Steene-Johannessen J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Dalene KE, et\u00a0al. Variations in accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time across Europe-harmonized analyses of 47,497 children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):930. doi:10.1186\/s12966-020-00930-x"},{"issue":"8","key":"r51","series-title":"Int J Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0053-x","article-title":"Compositional associations of time spent in sleep, sedentary behavior and physical activity with obesity measures in children","volume":"42","author":"Talarico R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talarico R, Janssen I. Compositional associations of time spent in sleep, sedentary behavior and physical activity with obesity measures in children. Int J Obes. 2018;42(8):1508\u201314. doi:10.1038\/s41366-018-0053-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"r52","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00421.2014","article-title":"Autocalibration of accelerometer data for free-living physical activity assessment using local gravity and temperature: an evaluation on four continents","volume":"117","author":"Van Hees VT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Hees VT, Fang Z, Langford J, et\u00a0al. Autocalibration of accelerometer data for free-living physical activity assessment using local gravity and temperature: an evaluation on four continents. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(7):738\u201344. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00421.2014"},{"key":"r53","series-title":"Draft Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Obesity Over the Life Course, Including Potential Targets","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Draft Recommendations for the Prevention and Management of Obesity Over the Life Course, Including Potential Targets. 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"r54","series-title":"Int J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2","article-title":"Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children","volume":"61","author":"Zaqout M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaqout M, Vyncke K, Moreno LA, et\u00a0al. Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(5):573\u201382. doi:10.1007\/s00038-016-0811-2"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Exercise Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/pes\/38\/1\/article-p17.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/pes\/38\/1\/article-p17.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/pes\/38\/1\/article-p17.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:24:38Z","timestamp":1769019878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/pes\/38\/1\/article-p17.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.2024-0079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-8493","1543-2920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-8493","type":"print"},{"value":"1543-2920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}