{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:03:06Z","timestamp":1775865786915,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the athletic season, changes in body composition occur due to fluctuations in energy expenditure and energy intake. Literature regarding changes of energy availability (EA) is still scarce. The aim was to estimate EA of athletes from nonweight and weight-sensitive sports during the athletic season (i.e.,\u00a0preparatory and competitive phase). Eighty-eight athletes (19.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u00a0years, 21.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, 27% females, self-reported eumenorrheic) from five sports (basketball [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929]; handball [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097]; volleyball [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099]; swimming [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918]; and triathlon [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925]) were included in this observational study. Energy intake and exercise energy expenditure were measured through doubly labeled water (over 7 days and considering neutral energy balance) and metabolic equivalents of tasks, respectively. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed through a four-compartment model. EA was calculated as EA\u2009=\u2009(energy intake\u2009\u2212\u2009exercise energy expenditure)\/FFM. Linear mixed models, adjusted for sex, were performed to assess EA for the impact of time by sport interaction. Among all sports, EA increased over the season: basketball, estimated mean (<jats:italic>SE<\/jats:italic>): 7.2 (1.5)\u00a0kcal\/kg FFM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; handball, 14.8 (2.9)\u00a0kcal\/kg FFM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; volleyball, 7.9 (2.8)\u00a0kcal\/kg FFM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.006; swimming, 8.7 (2.0)\u00a0kcal\/kg FFM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; and triathlon, 9.6 (2.0)\u00a0kcal\/kg FFM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001. Eleven athletes (12.5%) had clinical low EA at the preparatory phase and none during the competitive phase. During both assessments, triathletes\u2019 EA was below optimal, being lower than basketballers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), volleyballers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), and swimmers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Although EA increased in all sports, triathlon\u2019s EA was below optimal during both assessments. Risk of low EA might be seasonal and resolved throughout the season, with higher risk during the preparatory phase. However, in weight-sensitive sports, namely triathlon, low EA is still present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2022-0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T13:30:41Z","timestamp":1657719041000},"page":"479-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Energy Availability Over One Athletic Season: An Observational Study Among Athletes From Different Sports"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Nutrition and Lifestyle, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Lifestyle, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina L.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia S.","family":"Minderico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds B.","family":"Sardinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Analiza M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Sports Medicine,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2165\/11597140-000000000-00000","article-title":"Current status of body composition assessment in sport: Review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. medical commission","volume":"42","author":"Ackland, T.R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ackland, T.R., Lohman, T.G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R.J., Meyer, N.L., Stewart, A.D., & Muller, W. 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