{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:39:08Z","timestamp":1774348748426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Isotope-based tracer methods allow the determination of total energy expenditure (TEE), water turnover (rH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O), and total body water (TBW) in free-living conditions. These methods have exciting applications in athletes. However, the limited number of available measurements constrains their applicability. The aim was to describe the application of isotope dilution techniques for measuring TEE, rH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, and TBW in athletic populations. A comprehensive search (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/7932T\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/7932T<\/jats:ext-link>) was performed in three databases: PubMed, EBSCO (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus), and Cochrane Library. A total of 1,540 records were identified (564 excluded) and 174 through other sources. After excluding 53 duplicates, 1,097 articles were screened. A total of 121 studies were included, totaling 3,244 measurements from different types of sports, age range, and tier level, with 1,020 from female athletes and 139 measurements where sex was not reported. For TEE, 75 studies were included with values ranging from 1,939 to 10,070\u00a0kcal\/day. For rH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, 15 studies were included with values ranging from 2.7 to 13.4\u00a0L\/day. For TBW, 77 studies were included with values ranging from 29.8 to 76.8\u00a0kg. Variability was observed across the studies among the variables of interest. Overall, males showed higher TEE, rH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, and TBW values than females, with endurance sports showing the greatest variability in energy and water flux, and TBW values varying most in team and mixed sports. Future research should increase representation of females, athletes with disabilities, and Tier 5 \u201cworld-class\u201d athletes to establish normative values across sports, age groups, and sex while applying standardized isotope dilution methodologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T03:50:26Z","timestamp":1747885826000},"page":"363-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Isotope Dilution for Measuring Total Energy Expenditure, Water Turnover, and Total Body Water in Athletes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-7449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filipe","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal"},{"name":"Atl\u00e2ntica, F\u00e1brica da 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