{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T09:40:33Z","timestamp":1751794833275},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"purpose\"><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the effect of swimming speed (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>) on the biomechanical and physiological responses of a trained front-crawl swimmer with a unilateral arm amputation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 13-y-old girl with a unilateral arm amputation (level of the elbow) was tested for stroke length (SL, horizontal displacement cover with each stroke cycle), stroke frequency (SF, inverse of the time to complete each stroke cycle), adapted index of coordination (IdC<jats:sub>adapt<\/jats:sub>, lag time between propulsive phases), intracycle velocity variation (IVV, coefficient of variation of the instantaneous velocity\u2013time data), active drag (<jats:italic>D,<\/jats:italic> hydrodynamic resistance), and energy cost (<jats:italic>C,<\/jats:italic> ratio of metabolic power to speed) during trials of increasing <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Swimmer data showed a positive relationship between <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> and SF (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = 1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), IVV (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = .98, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .002), <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = .98, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = .95, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .001) and a negative relationship with the SL (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = .99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .001). No relation was found between <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> and IdC<jats:sub>adapt<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = .35, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .22). A quadratic regression best fitted the relationship between <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> and general kinematical parameters (SL and SF); a cubic relationship fit the IVV best. The relationship between <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic> was best expressed by a power regression, and the linear regression fit the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic> and IdC<jats:sub>adapt<\/jats:sub> best.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subject\u2019s adaptation to increased <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> was different from able-bodied swimmers, mainly on interarm coordination, maintaining the lag time between propulsive phases, which influence the magnitude of the other parameters. These results might be useful to develop specific training and enhance swimming performance in swimmers with amputations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,7]],"date-time":"2014-02-07T20:00:42Z","timestamp":1391803242000},"page":"1050-1053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Biophysical Characterization of a Swimmer with a Unilateral Arm Amputation: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Willig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1433-7","volume":"111","author":"Zamparo P","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.05.009","volume":"29","author":"Osborough CD","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.04.001","volume":"24","author":"Satkunskiene D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"p_4","first-page":"330","volume":"2","author":"Prins J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Aquat Res Educ."},{"issue":"6","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.12.014","volume":"43","author":"Lecrivain G","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.103.1.67-75","volume":"103","author":"Fernandes RJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_7","first-page":"18","volume":"6","author":"Toussaint H","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050435","volume":"78","author":"Capelli C","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z","volume":"103","author":"Barbosa TM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0424","volume":"265","author":"Minetti AE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.09.003","volume":"26","author":"Seifert L","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1265149","volume":"31","author":"Schnitzler C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/9\/6\/article-p1050.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/9\/6\/article-p1050.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:40:15Z","timestamp":1652985615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/9\/6\/article-p1050.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}}}