{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:02:40Z","timestamp":1776477760868,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec sec-type=\"purpose\"><jats:title><jats:italic>Purpose:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:title><jats:p>To conduct a biophysical analysis of the factors associated with front-crawl performance at moderate and severe swimming intensities, represented by anaerobic-threshold (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>AnT) and maximal-oxygen-uptake (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max) velocities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title><jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten high-level swimmers performed 2 intermittent incremental tests of 7 \u00d7 200 and 12 \u00d7 25 m (through a system of underwater push-off pads) to assess <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>AnT, and <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max, and power output. The 1st protocol was videotaped (3D reconstruction) for kinematic analysis to assess stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), propelling efficiency (<jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub>), and index of coordination (IdC). V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was measured and capillary blood samples (lactate concentrations) were collected, enabling computation of metabolic power. The 2nd protocol allowed calculating mechanical power and performance efficiency from the ratio of mechanical to metabolic power.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title><jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:title><jats:p>Neither <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>AnT nor <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max was explained by SF (0.56 \u00b1 0.06 vs 0.68 \u00b1 0.06 Hz), SL (2.29 \u00b1 0.21 vs 2.06 \u00b1 0.20 m), <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub> (0.38 \u00b1 0.02 vs 0.36\u00b1 0.03), IdC (\u201312.14 \u00b1 5.24 vs \u20139.61 \u00b1 5.49), or metabolic-power (1063.00 \u00b1 122.90 vs 1338.18 \u00b1 127.40 W) variability. <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max was explained by power to overcome drag (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .77, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 .05) and <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .72, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 .05), in contrast with the nonassociation between these parameters and vAnT; both velocities were well related (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .62, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 .05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title><jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:title><jats:p>The biomechanical parameters, coordination, and metabolic power seemed not to be performance discriminative at either intensity. However, the increase in power to overcome drag, for the less metabolic input, should be the focus of any intervention that aims to improve performance at severe swimming intensity. This is also true for moderate intensities, as <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>AnT and <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>V\u02d9O2max are proportional to each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T23:30:41Z","timestamp":1464823841000},"page":"241-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Biophysical Determinants of Front-Crawl Swimming at Moderate and Severe Intensities"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Argyris G.","family":"Toubekis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huub M.","family":"Toussaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"100","container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/12\/2\/article-p241.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ijspp\/12\/2\/article-p241.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T18:32:10Z","timestamp":1652985130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/ijspp\/12\/2\/article-p241.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-0265","1555-0273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-0265","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-0273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}}}