{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T05:19:57Z","timestamp":1722835197262},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this research was to numerically clarify the effect of finger spreading and thumb abduction on the hydrodynamic force generated by the hand and forearm during swimming. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a realistic hand and forearm model obtained using a computer tomography scanner was conducted. A mean flow speed of 2 m\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> was used to analyze the possible combinations of three finger positions (grouped, partially spread, totally spread), three thumb positions (adducted, partially abducted, totally abducted), three angles of attack (a = 0\u00b0, 45\u00b0, 90\u00b0), and four sweepback angles (y = 0\u00b0, 90\u00b0, 180\u00b0, 270\u00b0) to yield a total of 108 simulated situations. The values of the drag coefficient were observed to increase with the angle of attack for all sweepback angles and finger and thumb positions. For y = 0\u00b0 and 180\u00b0, the model with the thumb adducted and with the little finger spread presented higher drag coefficient values for a = 45\u00b0 and 90\u00b0. Lift coefficient values were observed to be very low at a = 0\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 for all of the sweepback angles and finger and thumb positions studied, although very similar values are obtained at a = 45\u00b0. For y = 0\u00b0 and 180\u00b0, the effect of finger and thumb positions appears to be much most distinct, indicating that having the thumb slightly abducted and the fingers grouped is a preferable position at y = 180\u00b0, whereas at y = 0\u00b0, having the thumb adducted and fingers slightly spread yielded higher lift values. Results show that finger and thumb positioning in swimming is a determinant of the propulsive force produced during swimming; indeed, this force is dependent on the direction of the flow over the hand and forearm, which changes across the arm\u2019s stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2013-0296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T18:37:18Z","timestamp":1410806238000},"page":"48-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hydrodynamic Analysis of Different Finger Positions in Swimming: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"J. 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