{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T15:40:03Z","timestamp":1748446803865,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When carrying out a motor task, the direction of the performer\u2019s attentional focus can affect mechanical output and muscle activation. Cortical excitability increases with the observation of motor skills. However, it is unknown if this effect can be additive to that resulting from an internal attentional focus during resistance exercise. A crossover-study design was employed to examine the acute effects of combining mirror self-motor observation (MO) and internally focused verbal instructions on mechanical output and muscle activation during isokinetic concentric knee-extension exercise. Ten participants were tested in 2 different conditions: verbal alone and verbal\u2009+\u2009MO-mirror. The combination of verbal\u2009+\u2009MO-mirror attenuated the decrease in torque output in response to 6 sets of 10 isokinetic contractions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.043). Interestingly, this effect was paired by a lower-level antagonist\/agonist coactivation with the verbal\u2009+\u2009MO-mirror condition (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.031). No other differences between conditions were noted. Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of both cueing modalities elicits a more effective contraction strategy during knee-extension exercise. Ultimately, this provides preliminary evidence of better motor performance and heightened fatigue resistance in response to isokinetic exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2024-0187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T10:19:01Z","timestamp":1740565141000},"page":"207-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combining an Internal Attentional Focus With Mirror Motor Observation Enhances Mechanical Output During Isokinetic Leg-Extension Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-8598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Goncalo V.","family":"Mendonca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2074-722X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-5783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brad J.","family":"Schoenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-5563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pezarat-Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.723728","article-title":"Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15\u00a0years","volume":"6","author":"Wulf G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15\u00a0years. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013;6:77\u2013104. doi:10.1080\/1750984X.2012.723728"},{"issue":"8","key":"r2","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b8d1e5","article-title":"Attentional focusing instructions influence force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions","volume":"23","author":"Marchant DC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marchant DC, Greig M, Scott C. Attentional focusing instructions influence force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(8):2358\u20132366. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b8d1e5"},{"issue":"1","key":"r3","series-title":"Strength Cond J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000190","article-title":"Attentional focus for maximizing muscle development: the mind-muscle connection","volume":"38","author":"Schoenfeld BJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Contreras B. Attentional focus for maximizing muscle development: the mind-muscle connection. Strength Cond J. 2016;38(1):27\u201329. doi:10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000190"},{"issue":"5","key":"r4","series-title":"Eur J Sport Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1447020","article-title":"Differential effects of attentional focus strategies during long-term resistance training","volume":"18","author":"Schoenfeld BJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Vigotsky A, Contreras B, et\u00a0al. Differential effects of attentional focus strategies during long-term resistance training. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(5):705\u2013712. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2018.1447020"},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Front Sports Act Living","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00007","article-title":"A systematic review of attentional focus strategies in weightlifting","volume":"1","author":"Neumann DL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neumann DL. A systematic review of attentional focus strategies in weightlifting. Front Sports Act Living. 2019;1:7. doi:10.3389\/fspor.2019.00007"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166799","article-title":"The effects of either a mirror, internal or external focus instructions on single and multi-joint tasks","volume":"11","author":"Halperin I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Halperin I, Hughes S, Panchuk D, Abbiss C, Chapman DW. The effects of either a mirror, internal or external focus instructions on single and multi-joint tasks. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166799. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0166799"},{"issue":"11","key":"r7","series-title":"Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9110153","article-title":"Acute and long-term effects of attentional focus strategies on muscular strength: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Grgic J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grgic J, Mikulic I, Mikulic P. Acute and long-term effects of attentional focus strategies on muscular strength: a meta-analysis. Sports. 2021;9(11):153. doi:10.3390\/sports9110153"},{"issue":"10","key":"r8","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1363403","article-title":"Influence of different attentional focus on EMG amplitude and contraction duration during the bench press at different speeds","volume":"36","author":"Calatayud J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calatayud J, Vinstrup J, Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Colado JC, Andersen LL. Influence of different attentional focus on EMG amplitude and contraction duration during the bench press at different speeds. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(10):1162\u20131166. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2017.1363403"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.01.007","article-title":"Attentional focusing instructions influence quadriceps activity characteristics but not force production during isokinetic knee extensions","volume":"52","author":"Marchant DC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marchant DC, Greig M. Attentional focusing instructions influence quadriceps activity characteristics but not force production during isokinetic knee extensions. Hum Mov Sci. 2017;52:67\u201373. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2017.01.007"},{"issue":"8","key":"r10","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bb7213","article-title":"Voluntary increase in latissimus dorsi muscle activity during the lat pull-down following expert instruction","volume":"23","author":"Snyder BJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Snyder BJ, Leech JR. Voluntary increase in latissimus dorsi muscle activity during the lat pull-down following expert instruction. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(8):2204\u20132209. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bb7213"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"Brain Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10010033","article-title":"Neuromuscular mechanisms underlying changes in force production during an attentional focus task","volume":"10","author":"Wiseman S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiseman S, Alizadeh S, Halperin I, et\u00a0al. Neuromuscular mechanisms underlying changes in force production during an attentional focus task. Brain Sci. 2020;10(1):33. doi:10.3390\/brainsci10010033"},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Front Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00514","article-title":"Motor imagery during action observation: a brief review of evidence, theory and future research opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Eaves DL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eaves DL, Riach M, Holmes PS, Wright DJ. Motor imagery during action observation: a brief review of evidence, theory and future research opportunities. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:514. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2016.00514"},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Cortex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.10.016","article-title":"Neurophysiological markers discriminate different forms of motor imagery during action observation","volume":"124","author":"Bruton AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruton AM, Holmes PS, Eaves DL, Franklin ZC, Wright DJ. Neurophysiological markers discriminate different forms of motor imagery during action observation. Cortex. 2020;124:119\u2013136. doi:10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.10.016"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Mov Sports Sci - Sci Mot","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1051\/sm\/2012034","article-title":"A direct comparison of the effects of imagery and action observation on hitting performance","volume":"79","author":"Neuman B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neuman B, Gray R. A direct comparison of the effects of imagery and action observation on hitting performance. Mov Sports Sci - Sci Mot. 2013;79:11\u201321. doi:10.1051\/sm\/2012034"},{"issue":"6","key":"r15","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2608","article-title":"Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study","volume":"73","author":"Fadiga L","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Pavesi G, Rizzolatti G. Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. J Neurophysiol. 1995;73(6):2608\u20132611. doi:10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2608"},{"issue":"9","key":"r16","series-title":"Neuropsychologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(02)00293-2","article-title":"Modulation of motor cortex excitability in the left hemisphere during action observation: a single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study of self- and non-self-action observation","volume":"41","author":"Patuzzo S","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patuzzo S, Fiaschi A, Manganotti P. Modulation of motor cortex excitability in the left hemisphere during action observation: a single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study of self- and non-self-action observation. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(9):1272\u20131278. doi:10.1016\/s0028-3932(02)00293-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"r17","series-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1995.10608835","article-title":"The manipulation of vision during the powerlift squat: exploring the boundaries of the specificity of learning hypothesis","volume":"66","author":"Bennett S","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bennett S, Davids K. The manipulation of vision during the powerlift squat: exploring the boundaries of the specificity of learning hypothesis. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1995;66(3):210\u2013218. doi:10.1080\/02701367.1995.10608835"},{"issue":"3","key":"r18","series-title":"Percept Mot Skills","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1988.67.3.715","article-title":"Effect of concurrent visual feedback on acquisition of a weightlifting skill","volume":"67","author":"Sewall LP","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sewall LP, Reeve TG, Day RA. Effect of concurrent visual feedback on acquisition of a weightlifting skill. Percept Mot Skills. 1988;67(3):715\u2013718. doi:10.2466\/pms.1988.67.3.715"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"Neuropsychologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(97)00107-3","article-title":"Footedness is a better predictor than is handedness of emotional lateralization","volume":"36","author":"Elias LJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elias LJ, Bryden MP, Bulman-Fleming MB. Footedness is a better predictor than is handedness of emotional lateralization. Neuropsychologia. 1998;36(1):37\u201343. doi:10.1016\/s0028-3932(97)00107-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3305-7","article-title":"Importance of mind-muscle connection during progressive resistance training","volume":"116","author":"Calatayud J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calatayud J, Vinstrup J, Jakobsen MD, et\u00a0al. Importance of mind-muscle connection during progressive resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(3):527\u2013533. doi:10.1007\/s00421-015-3305-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"r21","series-title":"Eur J Transl Myol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2019.8250","article-title":"Mind-muscle connection: effects of verbal instructions on muscle activity during bench press exercise","volume":"29","author":"Paoli A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paoli A, Mancin L, Saoncella M, et\u00a0al. Mind-muscle connection: effects of verbal instructions on muscle activity during bench press exercise. Eur J Transl Myol. 2019;29(2):8250. doi:10.4081\/ejtm.2019.8250"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"439","article-title":"The effect of concentric isokinetic strength training of the quadriceps femoris on electromyography and muscle strength in the trained and untrained limb","volume":"15","author":"Evetovich TK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Housh DJ, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT. The effect of concentric isokinetic strength training of the quadriceps femoris on electromyography and muscle strength in the trained and untrained limb. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15:439\u2013445. PubMed ID: 11726254"},{"key":"r23","series-title":"SENIAM: European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography: Results of the SENIAM Project","author":"Freriks B","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freriks B, Hermens HJ. SENIAM: European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography: Results of the SENIAM Project. 2nd ed. Roessingh Research and Development; 2000."},{"issue":"2","key":"r24","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0739-5","article-title":"Gender-specific knee extensor torque, flexor torque, and muscle fatigue responses during maximal effort contractions","volume":"89","author":"Pincivero DM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pincivero DM, Gandaio CM, Ito Y. Gender-specific knee extensor torque, flexor torque, and muscle fatigue responses during maximal effort contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89(2):134\u2013141. doi:10.1007\/s00421-002-0739-5"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/s1050-6411(03)00022-1","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of EMG and peak torque during repetitive maximum concentric knee extensions","volume":"13","author":"Larsson B","year":"2003","unstructured":"Larsson B, Karlsson S, Eriksson M, Gerdle B. Test\u2013retest reliability of EMG and peak torque during repetitive maximum concentric knee extensions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13:281\u2013287. doi:10.1016\/s1050-6411(03)00022-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00802.2011","article-title":"Changes in H reflex and V wave following short-term endurance and strength training","volume":"112","author":"Vila-Cha C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vila-Cha C, Falla D, Correia MV, Farina D. Changes in H reflex and V wave following short-term endurance and strength training. J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(1):54\u201363. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00802.2011"},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge; 2013."},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Compr Physiol","first-page":"997","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Kent\u2010Braun JA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kent\u2010Braun JA, Fitts RH, Christie A. Skeletal muscle fatigue. Compr Physiol. 2012;2:997\u20131044."},{"issue":"5","key":"r29","series-title":"Physiol Meas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa60b9","article-title":"Surface EMG and muscle fatigue: multi-channel approaches to the study of myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue","volume":"38","author":"Marco G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marco G, Alberto B, Taian V. Surface EMG and muscle fatigue: multi-channel approaches to the study of myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue. Physiol Meas. 2017;38(5):R27\u2013R60. doi:10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa60b9"},{"issue":"12","key":"r30","series-title":"Biophys J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5798","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.108.130435","article-title":"Effect of inorganic phosphate on the force and number of myosin cross-bridges during the isometric contraction of permeabilized muscle fibers from rabbit psoas","volume":"95","author":"Caremani M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caremani M, Dantzig J, Goldman YE, Lombardi V, Linari M. Effect of inorganic phosphate on the force and number of myosin cross-bridges during the isometric contraction of permeabilized muscle fibers from rabbit psoas. Biophys J. 2008;95(12):5798\u20135808. doi:10.1529\/biophysj.108.130435"},{"issue":"3","key":"r31","series-title":"J Gen Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.98.3.615","article-title":"Changes of myoplasmic calcium concentration during fatigue in single mouse muscle fibers","volume":"98","author":"Westerblad H","year":"1991","unstructured":"Westerblad H, Allen DG. Changes of myoplasmic calcium concentration during fatigue in single mouse muscle fibers. J Gen Physiol. 1991;98(3):615\u2013635. doi:10.1085\/jgp.98.3.615"},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of action: comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick RM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hardwick RM, Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Swinnen SP. Neural correlates of action: comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;94:31\u201344. doi:10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"r33","series-title":"Percept Mot Skills","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512520926369","article-title":"Mind-muscle connection: limited effect of verbal instructions on muscle activity in a seated row exercise","volume":"127","author":"Fujita RA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujita RA, Silva NRS, Bedo BLS, Santiago PRP, Gentil PRV, Gomes MM. Mind-muscle connection: limited effect of verbal instructions on muscle activity in a seated row exercise. Percept Mot Skills. 2020;127(5):925\u2013938. doi:10.1177\/0031512520926369"},{"issue":"9","key":"r34","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f8d11","article-title":"Effect of verbal instruction on muscle activity during the bench press exercise","volume":"26","author":"Snyder BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snyder BJ, Fry WR. Effect of verbal instruction on muscle activity during the bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(9):2394\u20132400. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f8d11"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.08.008","article-title":"Speed dependant influence of attentional focusing instructions on force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions","volume":"33","author":"Greig M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greig M, Marchant D. Speed dependant influence of attentional focusing instructions on force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;33:135\u2013148. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2013.08.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"r36","series-title":"J Mot Behav","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.555436","article-title":"Neuromuscular effects of shifting the focus of attention in a simple force production task","volume":"43","author":"Lohse KR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lohse KR, Sherwood DE, Healy AF. Neuromuscular effects of shifting the focus of attention in a simple force production task. J Mot Behav. 2011;43(2):173\u2013184. doi:10.1080\/00222895.2011.555436"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00737.2005","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue development during maximal concentric and isometric knee extensions","volume":"100","author":"Babault N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Babault N, Desbrosses K, Fabre MS, Michaut A, Pousson M. Neuromuscular fatigue development during maximal concentric and isometric knee extensions. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(3):780\u2013785. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00737.2005"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.3.525","article-title":"Voluntary control of motor units in human antagonist muscles: coactivation and reciprocal activation","volume":"58","author":"De Luca CJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"De Luca CJ, Mambrito B. Voluntary control of motor units in human antagonist muscles: coactivation and reciprocal activation. J Neurophysiol. 1987;58:525\u2013542. doi:10.1152\/jn.1987.58.3.525"},{"issue":"6","key":"r39","series-title":"Exp Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1998.sp004164","article-title":"Differences in human antagonistic ankle dorsiflexor coactivation between legs; can they explain the moment deficit in the weaker plantarflexor leg?","volume":"83","author":"Maganaris CN","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maganaris CN, Baltzopoulos V, Sargeant AJ. Differences in human antagonistic ankle dorsiflexor coactivation between legs; can they explain the moment deficit in the weaker plantarflexor leg? Exp Physiol. 1998;83(6):843\u2013855. doi:10.1113\/expphysiol.1998.sp004164"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00284.2005","article-title":"Spinal reflexes and coactivation of ankle muscles during a submaximal fatiguing contraction","volume":"99","author":"Levenez M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Levenez M, Kotzamanidis C, Carpentier A, Duchateau J. Spinal reflexes and coactivation of ankle muscles during a submaximal fatiguing contraction. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(3):1182\u20131188. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00284.2005"},{"key":"r41","series-title":"J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019341","article-title":"The regulation of disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during co-contraction of antagonistic muscles in man","volume":"456","author":"Nielsen J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Kagamihara Y. The regulation of disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during co-contraction of antagonistic muscles in man. J Physiol. 1992;456:373\u2013391. doi:10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019341"},{"issue":"1","key":"r42","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00084.2018","article-title":"Muscle coactivation: definitions, mechanisms, and functions","volume":"120","author":"Latash ML","year":"2018","unstructured":"Latash ML. Muscle coactivation: definitions, mechanisms, and functions. J Neurophysiol. 2018;120(1):88\u2013104. doi:10.1152\/jn.00084.2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"r43","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13331","article-title":"Neural adaptations after 4\u00a0years vs 12 weeks of resistance training vs. untrained","volume":"29","author":"Balshaw TG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Neural adaptations after 4\u00a0years vs 12 weeks of resistance training vs. untrained. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(3):348\u2013359. doi:10.1111\/sms.13331"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/41\/3\/article-p207.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/41\/3\/article-p207.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/jab\/41\/3\/article-p207.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T15:00:59Z","timestamp":1748444459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/jab\/41\/3\/article-p207.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.2024-0187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-8483","1543-2688"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1065-8483"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2688"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}