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In Study 2, we reassessed construct validity in professional baseball (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009582) and found that fan engagement behavior was represented by the proposed six dimensions with a final list of 21 items. Further, our predictive analysis throughout a season showed that fan engagement behavior fully mediated the relationship between predictor (team identification and awareness of fan engagement initiatives) and outcome variables (media viewing frequency, attendance frequency, and flourishing). The developed scale advances our understanding of fans\u2019 voluntary actions that are culturally embedded in spectator sport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/jsm.2023-0075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T06:01:41Z","timestamp":1703829701000},"page":"133-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Fan Engagement Behavior: Validation of a Theory-Based Scale"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2593-7575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-4317","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Biscaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1099-1795","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Uhrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Economics and Sport Management, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3183-1199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian S.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Sport & Exercise Sciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8155-2998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcel","family":"Huettermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management and Law, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6709-5330","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Makoto","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Psychological Bulletin,","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","author":"Anderson, J.C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D.W. 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