{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T02:01:21Z","timestamp":1762999281316,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold><jats:italic>Purpose:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> To investigate the mediating effect of muscle mass on the relationship between training load and bone density in adolescent swimmers. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> A cross-sectional study involving 87 control and 22 swimmers aged 10\u201319 years (overall sample: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009109). Swimmers had a minimum of 1 year of competition in regional and national championships, and control adolescents reported 1 year without any organized sport. Bone density was the main outcome (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), which was measured in upper limbs, lower limbs, spine, and whole body. Monthly training load was the independent variable, while the mediation effect of lean soft tissue was assessed. Maturity offset, age, inflammation, and vitamin D intake were treated as covariates. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> Swimmers had lower bone density than controls; there was a significant and positive relationship between training load and muscle mass. In boys, training load presented a negative correlation with bone density in lower limbs [<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.293; 95% confidence interval (CI), \u2212.553 to \u2212.034]. In girls, training load was negatively related to bone mineral density in lower limbs (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.563; 95% CI, \u2212.770 to \u2212.356) and whole body (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.409; 95% CI, \u2212.609 to \u2212.209). <jats:bold><jats:italic>Conclusion:<\/jats:italic><\/jats:bold> Training load had a negative relationship on bone density of swimmers of both sexes, independently of the positive effect of lean soft tissue on bone density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2017-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T16:02:30Z","timestamp":1497283350000},"page":"520-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Impact of Training Load on Bone Mineral Density of Adolescent Swimmers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ricardo Ribeiro","family":"Agostinete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Maillane-Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)"}]},{"given":"Kyle R.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Turi-Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)"}]},{"given":"Manuel J.","family":"Coelho-e-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Zapaterra","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Pernambuco"}]},{"given":"Suziane Ungari","family":"Cayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)"}]},{"given":"Romulo","family":"Ara\u00fajo Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Clin Densitom","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.04.006","article-title":"Basketball affects bone mineral density accrual in boys more than swimming and other impact sports: 9-mo follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Agostinete RR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agostinete RR, Lynch KR, Gobbo LA, et\u00a0al. Basketball affects bone mineral density accrual in boys more than swimming and other impact sports: 9-mo follow-up. J Clin Densitom. 2016;19:375\u201381. PubMed doi:10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.04.00610.1016\/j.jocd.2016.04.00627174316"},{"issue":"4","key":"r2","series-title":"Turk J Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1408-9","article-title":"The effect of swimming and type of stroke on bone metabolism in competitive adolescent swimmers: a pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Akg\u00fcl S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akg\u00fcl S, Kanbur N, Cinemre S\u00b8A, Karabulut E, Derman O. The effect of swimming and type of stroke on bone metabolism in competitive adolescent swimmers: a pilot study. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(4):827\u201332. PubMed doi:10.3906\/sag-1408-910.3906\/sag-1408-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"r3","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.005","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between sports participation, body composition and physical activity from childhood to adolescence","volume":"18","author":"Basterfield L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basterfield L, Reilly JK, Pearce MS, et\u00a0al. Longitudinal associations between sports participation, body composition and physical activity from childhood to adolescence. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(2):178\u201382. PubMed doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.0052470442210.1016\/j.jsams.2014.03.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"r4","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1992.16.6.262","article-title":"Relationship of shoulder flexibility, strength, and endurance to shoulder pain in competitive swimmers","volume":"16","author":"Beach ML","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beach ML, Whitney SL, Dickoff-Hoffman S. Relationship of shoulder flexibility, strength, and endurance to shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;16(6):262\u20138. PubMed doi:10.2519\/jospt.1992.16.6.26210.2519\/jospt.1992.16.6.26218796745"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-77","article-title":"Physical activity during life course and bone mass: a systematic review of methods and findings from cohort studies with young adults","volume":"14","author":"Bielemann RM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bielemann RM, Martinez-Mesa J, Gigante DP. Physical activity during life course and bone mass: a systematic review of methods and findings from cohort studies with young adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14(1):77. doi:10.1186\/1471-2474-14-7710.1186\/1471-2474-14-7723497066"},{"issue":"5","key":"r6","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00246-9","article-title":"Analysis of a swimmer\u2019s hand and arm in steady flow conditions using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"35","author":"Bixler B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bixler B, Riewald S. Analysis of a swimmer\u2019s hand and arm in steady flow conditions using computational fluid dynamics. J Biomech. 2002;35(5):713\u20137. PubMed doi:10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00246-910.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00246-911955512"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"Motriz Rev Educ Fis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-65742014000300007","article-title":"The response of the lactate minimum test to a 12-week swimming training","volume":"20","author":"Campos EZ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campos EZ, Nordsborg NB, Silva ASRD, et\u00a0al. The response of the lactate minimum test to a 12-week swimming training. Motriz Rev Educ Fis. 2014;20(3):286\u201391. doi:10.1590\/S1980-6574201400030000710.1590\/S1980-65742014000300007"},{"issue":"4","key":"r8","series-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.4.572","article-title":"Youth sport specialization: how to manage competition and training","volume":"6","author":"Capranica L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Capranica L, Millard-Stafford ML. Youth sport specialization: how to manage competition and training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011;6(4):572\u20139. PubMed doi:10.1123\/ijspp.6.4.5722217412510.1123\/ijspp.6.4.572"},{"issue":"1","key":"r9","series-title":"Arch Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-20","article-title":"The relationship between school physical activity policy and objectively measured physical activity of elementary school students: a multilevel model analysis","volume":"72","author":"Faulkner G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faulkner G, Zeglen L, Leatherdale S, Manske S, Stone M. The relationship between school physical activity policy and objectively measured physical activity of elementary school students: a multilevel model analysis. Arch Public Health. 2014;72(1):20. PubMed doi:10.1186\/2049-3258-72-2010.1186\/2049-3258-72-20"},{"issue":"3","key":"r10","series-title":"J Bone Miner Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-010-0226-8","article-title":"Bone geometry and strength adaptations to physical constraints inherent in different sports: comparison between elite female soccer players and swimmers","volume":"29","author":"Ferry B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferry B, Duclos M, Burt L, et\u00a0al. Bone geometry and strength adaptations to physical constraints inherent in different sports: comparison between elite female soccer players and swimmers. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011;29(3):342\u201351. PubMed doi:10.1007\/s00774-010-0226-810.1007\/s00774-010-0226-820963459"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","series-title":"Joint Bone Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.01.006","article-title":"Bone health during late adolescence: effects of an 8-month training program on bone geometry in female athletes","volume":"80","author":"Ferry B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferry B, Lespessailles E, Rochcongar P, Duclos M, Courteix D. Bone health during late adolescence: effects of an 8-month training program on bone geometry in female athletes. Joint Bone Spine. 2013;80(1):57\u201363. PubMed doi:10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.01.00610.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.01.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"r12","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"109","article-title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","volume":"15","author":"Foster C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J, et\u00a0al. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15(1):109\u201315. PubMed\n11708692"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0427-3","article-title":"The effect of swimming during childhood and adolescence on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Gomez-Bruton A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gomez-Bruton A, Montero-Mar\u00edn J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ag\u00fcero A, et\u00a0al. The effect of swimming during childhood and adolescence on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(3):365\u201379. PubMed doi:10.1007\/s40279-015-0427-310.1007\/s40279-015-0427-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"r14","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12378","article-title":"The effects of swimming training on bone tissue in adolescence","volume":"25","author":"G\u00f3mez-Bruton A","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Bruton A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ag\u00fcero A, G\u00f3mez-Cabello A, Matute-Llorente A, Casaj\u00fas J, Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez G. The effects of swimming training on bone tissue in adolescence. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(6):589\u2013602. doi:10.1111\/sms.1237810.1111\/sms.12378"},{"issue":"6","key":"r15","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2264","article-title":"Run, jump, and be merry: how much exercise is needed for building young bones?","volume":"29","author":"Gordon CM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gordon CM. Run, jump, and be merry: how much exercise is needed for building young bones? J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(6):1322\u20134. PubMed doi:10.1002\/jbmr.22642476410210.1002\/jbmr.2264"},{"issue":"3","key":"r16","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.823224","article-title":"The effect of leg kick on sprint front crawl swimming","volume":"32","author":"Gourgoulis V","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gourgoulis V, Boli A, Aggeloussis N, et\u00a0al. The effect of leg kick on sprint front crawl swimming. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(3):278\u201389. PubMed doi:10.1080\/02640414.2013.8232242401631610.1080\/02640414.2013.823224"},{"issue":"1","key":"r17","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3190","article-title":"Association between lean mass, fat mass, and bone mineral density: a meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Ho-Pham LT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen UD, Nguyen TV. Association between lean mass, fat mass, and bone mineral density: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(1):30\u20138. PubMed doi:10.1210\/jc.2013-319010.1210\/jc.2013-319024384013"},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine","first-page":"265","article-title":"Physical activity, physical fitness and bone health","author":"Kemper H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kemper H. Physical activity, physical fitness and bone health. In: Armstrong N, Van Mechelen W, editors. Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000, pp.\u00a0265\u201372."},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.15.1.58","article-title":"Effect of stretching and strengthening shoulder muscles on forward shoulder posture in competitive swimmers","volume":"15","author":"Kluemper M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kluemper M, Uhl T, Hazelrigg H. Effect of stretching and strengthening shoulder muscles on forward shoulder posture in competitive swimmers. J Sport Rehabil. 2006;15(1):58\u201370. doi:10.1123\/jsr.15.1.5810.1123\/jsr.15.1.58"},{"issue":"11","key":"r20","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000142662.21767.58","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: physical activity and bone health","volume":"36","author":"Kohrt WM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR; American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(11):1985\u201396. PubMed doi:10.1249\/01.MSS.0000142662.21767.581551451710.1249\/01.MSS.0000142662.21767.58"},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Sports Sci","article-title":"Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents","author":"Lynch KR","unstructured":"Lynch KR, Kemper HC, Turi-Lynch B, et\u00a0al. Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents [published online ahead of print December 27, 2016]. J Sports Sci. PubMed doi:10.1080\/02640414.2016.127270828026207"},{"issue":"5","key":"r22","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.066837","article-title":"The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers","volume":"44","author":"Lynch SS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lynch SS, Thigpen CA, Mihalik JP, Prentice WE, Padua D. The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(5):376\u201381. PubMed doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2009.0668372037156410.1136\/bjsm.2009.066837"},{"issue":"2","key":"r23","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318032129d","article-title":"The bone response to non-weight-bearing exercise is sport-, site-, and sex-specific","volume":"17","author":"Magkos F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magkos F, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, Karipidou M, Sidossi S, Sidossis LS. The bone response to non-weight-bearing exercise is sport-, site-, and sex-specific. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(2):123\u20138. PubMed doi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318032129d10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318032129d17414480"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity","author":"Malina RM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2004."},{"issue":"3","key":"r25","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2015-0090","article-title":"Validation of maturity offset in the FELS longitudinal study","volume":"28","author":"Malina RM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malina RM, Choh AC, Czerwinski SA, Chumlea WC. Validation of maturity offset in the FELS longitudinal study. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(3):439\u201355. PubMed doi:10.1123\/pes.2015-009010.1123\/pes.2015-009026757350"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"Arch Osteoporos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-016-0265-4","article-title":"Vitamin D status and bone mineral density in the Chinese population: a review","volume":"11","author":"Man PW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Man PW, van der Meer IM, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density in the Chinese population: a review. Arch Osteoporos. 2016;11(1):14. doi:10.1007\/s11657-016-0265-410.1007\/s11657-016-0265-427026017"},{"issue":"11","key":"r27","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0730","article-title":"Different amounts of physical activity measured by pedometer and the associations with health outcomes in adults","volume":"13","author":"Mantovani AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mantovani AM, Duncan S, Codogno JS, Lima MCS, Fernandes RA. Different amounts of physical activity measured by pedometer and the associations with health outcomes in adults. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11):1183\u201391. PubMed doi:10.1123\/jpah.2015-073010.1123\/jpah.2015-073027334678"},{"issue":"3","key":"r28","series-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.20.3.333","article-title":"Use of session rating of perceived exertion for monitoring resistance exercise in children who are overweight or obese","volume":"20","author":"McGuigan MR","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGuigan MR, Al Dayel A, Tod D, Foster C, Newton RU, Pettigrew S. Use of session rating of perceived exertion for monitoring resistance exercise in children who are overweight or obese. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2008;20(3):333\u201341. PubMed doi:10.1123\/pes.20.3.33310.1123\/pes.20.3.33318714122"},{"issue":"4","key":"r29","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"689","article-title":"An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements","volume":"34","author":"Mirwald RL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones AD, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):689\u201394. PubMed\n11932580"},{"issue":"4","key":"r30","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.681","article-title":"Effect of intense exercise on inflammatory cytokines and growth mediators in adolescent boys","volume":"110","author":"Nemet D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nemet D, Oh Y, Kim H-S, Hill M, Cooper DM. Effect of intense exercise on inflammatory cytokines and growth mediators in adolescent boys. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):681\u20139. PubMed doi:10.1542\/peds.110.4.68110.1542\/peds.110.4.68112359780"},{"issue":"10","key":"r31","series-title":"Osteoporos Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1101-0","article-title":"Cross-sectional geometry of weight-bearing tibia in female athletes subjected to different exercise loadings","volume":"21","author":"Nikander R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nikander R, Kannus P, Rantalainen T, Uusi-Rasi K, Heinonen A, Siev\u00e4nen H. Cross-sectional geometry of weight-bearing tibia in female athletes subjected to different exercise loadings. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(10):1687\u201394. PubMed doi:10.1007\/s00198-009-1101-010.1007\/s00198-009-1101-019921084"},{"issue":"2","key":"r32","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00643.x","article-title":"Load-specific differences in the structure of femoral neck and tibia between world-class moguls skiers and slalom skiers","volume":"18","author":"Nikander R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nikander R, Siev\u00e4nen H, Heinonen A, Karstila T, Kannus P. Load-specific differences in the structure of femoral neck and tibia between world-class moguls skiers and slalom skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(2):145\u201353. PubMed doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00643.x10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00643.x18067528"},{"issue":"2","key":"r33","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"538","article-title":"Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program","volume":"21","author":"Papoti M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Papoti M, Martins LE, Cunha SA, Zagatto AM, Gobatto CA. Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(2):538\u201342. PubMed17530932"},{"issue":"5","key":"r34","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290054029","article-title":"Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine","volume":"273","author":"Pate RR","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et\u00a0al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273(5):402\u20137. PubMed doi:10.1001\/jama.1995.0352029005402910.1001\/jama.1995.035202900540297823386"},{"issue":"5","key":"r35","series-title":"Brain Behav Immun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.04.008","article-title":"Muscle-derived interleukin-6\u2014a possible link between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and brain","volume":"19","author":"Pedersen BK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pedersen BK, Febbraio M. Muscle-derived interleukin-6\u2014a possible link between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and brain. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(5):371\u20136. PubMed doi:10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.04.0081593561210.1016\/j.bbi.2005.04.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"r36","series-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0047","article-title":"Physical and energy requirements of competitive swimming events","volume":"24","author":"Pyne DB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pyne DB, Sharp RL. Physical and energy requirements of competitive swimming events. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24(4):351\u20139. PubMed doi:10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-00472502935110.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0047"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","series-title":"Pediatr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200109000-00003","article-title":"The developing bone: slave or master of its cells and molecules?","volume":"50","author":"Rauch F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rauch F, Schoenau E. The developing bone: slave or master of its cells and molecules? Pediatr Res. 2001;50(3):309\u201314. PubMed doi:10.1203\/00006450-200109000-000031151881510.1203\/00006450-200109000-00003"},{"issue":"3","key":"r38","series-title":"J Bone Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2016.23.3.149","article-title":"Prolonged practice of swimming is negatively related to bone mineral density gains in adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Ribeiro-Dos-Santos MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Dos-Santos MR, Lynch KR, Agostinete RR, et\u00a0al. Prolonged practice of swimming is negatively related to bone mineral density gains in adolescents. J Bone Metab. 2016;23(3):149\u201355. PubMed doi:10.11005\/jbm.2016.23.3.1492762217910.11005\/jbm.2016.23.3.149"},{"issue":"11","key":"r39","series-title":"Trends Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.003","article-title":"Interleukin-6: from an inflammatory marker to a target for inflammatory diseases","volume":"33","author":"Rincon M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rincon M. Interleukin-6: from an inflammatory marker to a target for inflammatory diseases. Trends Immunol. 2012;33(11):571\u20137. PubMed doi:10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.00310.1016\/j.it.2012.07.00322883707"},{"issue":"6","key":"r40","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/17477160903572019","article-title":"Vigorous physical activity and low-grade systemic inflammation in adolescent boys and girls","volume":"5","author":"Sabiston CM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sabiston CM, Castonguay A, Low NC, et\u00a0al. Vigorous physical activity and low-grade systemic inflammation in adolescent boys and girls. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(6):509\u201315. PubMed doi:10.3109\/1747716090357201910.3109\/1747716090357201920233150"},{"key":"r41","series-title":"Swimming III","first-page":"70","article-title":"A hydrodynamic analysis of swimming propulsion","author":"Schleihauf RE","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schleihauf RE. A hydrodynamic analysis of swimming propulsion. In: Terauds J, Bedingfield EW, editors. Swimming III. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1979, pp.\u00a070\u2013109."},{"issue":"1","key":"r42","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact","first-page":"105","article-title":"Muscle mass during childhood\u2014relationship to skeletal development","volume":"4","author":"Schoenau E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schoenau E, Neu M, Manz F. Muscle mass during childhood\u2014relationship to skeletal development. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2004;4(1):105\u20138. PubMed\n15615084"},{"issue":"6","key":"r43","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900604","article-title":"The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming. An electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles","volume":"19","author":"Scovazzo ML","year":"1991","unstructured":"Scovazzo ML, Browne A, Pink M, Jobe FW, Kerrigan J. The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming. An electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(6):577\u201382. PubMed doi:10.1177\/03635465910190060410.1177\/0363546591019006041781493"},{"issue":"2","key":"r44","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047282","article-title":"Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Sein ML","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sein ML, Walton J, Linklater J, et\u00a0al. Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(2):105\u201313. PubMed doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2008.04728210.1136\/bjsm.2008.04728218463295"},{"issue":"2","key":"r45","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"154","article-title":"Regional and total body bone mineral density in elite collegiate male swimmers","volume":"39","author":"Taaffe DR","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Regional and total body bone mineral density in elite collegiate male swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999;39(2):154\u20139. PubMed10399425"},{"issue":"9","key":"r46","series-title":"PM&R","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.05.019","article-title":"Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Tenforde AS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tenforde AS, Fredericson M. Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PM&R. 2011;3(9):861\u20137. doi:10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.05.01910.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.05.019"},{"issue":"5","key":"r47","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924397","article-title":"Artistic versus rhythmic gymnastics: effects on bone and muscle mass in young girls","volume":"28","author":"Vicente-Rodriguez G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vicente-Rodriguez G, Dorado C, Ara I, et\u00a0al. Artistic versus rhythmic gymnastics: effects on bone and muscle mass in young girls. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(5):386\u201393. doi:10.1055\/s-2006-92439710.1055\/s-2006-924397"},{"issue":"5","key":"r48","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.08.003","article-title":"Enhanced bone mass and physical fitness in prepubescent footballers","volume":"33","author":"Vicente-Rodriguez G","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vicente-Rodriguez G, Jimenez-Ramirez J, Ara I, Serrano-Sanchez J, Dorado C, Calbet J. Enhanced bone mass and physical fitness in prepubescent footballers. Bone. 2003;33(5):853\u20139. PubMed doi:10.1016\/j.bone.2003.08.0031462306210.1016\/j.bone.2003.08.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"r49","series-title":"Age Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/30.4.331","article-title":"Sex differences of body fat distribution and cardiovascular dysmetabolic factors in old age","volume":"30","author":"Wu CH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wu CH, Yao WJ, Lu FH, Yang YC, Wu JS, Chang CJ. Sex differences of body fat distribution and cardiovascular dysmetabolic factors in old age. Age Ageing. 2001;30(4):331\u20136. PubMed doi:10.1093\/ageing\/30.4.3311150931210.1093\/ageing\/30.4.331"},{"issue":"2","key":"r50","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00186-X","article-title":"Rotational effect of buoyancy in frontcrawl: does it really cause the legs to sink?","volume":"34","author":"Yanai T","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yanai T. Rotational effect of buoyancy in frontcrawl: does it really cause the legs to sink? J Biomech. 2001;34(2):235\u201343. PubMed doi:10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00186-X1116528810.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00186-X"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Exercise Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/pes\/29\/4\/article-p520.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/pes\/29\/4\/article-p520.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/pes\/29\/4\/article-p520.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T23:09:01Z","timestamp":1756336141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/pes\/29\/4\/article-p520.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.2017-0008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-8493","1543-2920"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-8493"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2920"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}}}