{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:28:02Z","timestamp":1760722082066,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Human Kinetics","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    To (1) describe secular trends in gross motor coordination (GMC) scores by sex and age; (2) investigate GMC trends adjusted for concomitant secular trends in height, weight, and overall physical fitness; and (3) examine trends in children\u2019s frequencies within different GMC categories.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Method<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The sample comprises 1562 Peruvian children (690 in 2009 and 872 in 2019), aged 6\u201311\u00a0years, from Jun\u00edn (a high-altitude region). GMC was assessed with the K\u00f6rperkoordinationsTest f\u00fcr Kinder. Physical fitness was assessed with handgrip strength, standing long jump, and shuttle-run test. Height and weight were measured with standardized protocols. Analysis of variance, covariance, and logistic regression were used.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    A negative secular trend in GMC (based on raw scores) for boys and girls aged 6\u20138\u00a0years was observed. However, a positive trend was observed at 11\u00a0years of age but only in boys. Finally, there were no significant changes in the likelihood of children having below-normal GMC from 2009 to 2019.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Secular trends in GMC were negative in Peruvian children, especially at 6\u20138\u00a0years of age. Further, body size and physical fitness trends did not affect the negative secular trend. A high prevalence of children had below-normal GMC in both 2009 and 2019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2023-0170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T12:21:51Z","timestamp":1726316511000},"page":"322-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secular Trends in Gross Motor Coordination: A Study of Peruvian Children Living at High Altitude"],"prefix":"10.1123","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-4286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alcib\u00edades","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Differential and Developmental Kinanthropometry Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Education Enrique Guzm\u00e1n y Valle, Lurigancho-Chosica, Peru"},{"name":"CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-0046","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-7292","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIDEFES, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lus\u00f3fona University, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8024-909X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fernando","family":"Garbeloto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4505-0653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olga","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-5472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Go","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-6094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald","family":"Hedeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9280-6022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter T.","family":"Katzmarzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-3879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIDEFES, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lus\u00f3fona University, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"100","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","series-title":"Quest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2014.955118","article-title":"Socio-cultural barriers to attaining recommended levels of physical activity among females: a review of literature","volume":"66","author":"Abbasi IN","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abbasi IN. Socio-cultural barriers to attaining recommended levels of physical activity among females: a review of literature. Quest. 2014;66(4):448\u201367. doi:10.1080\/00336297.2014.955118"},{"issue":"1","key":"r2","series-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2017.341.2764","article-title":"Measurement of physical activity by triaxial accelerometers n schoolchildren from three Peruvian cities","volume":"34","author":"Alvis-Chirinos K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alvis-Chirinos K, Huam\u00e1n-Espino L, Pillaca J, Aparco JP. Measurement of physical activity by triaxial accelerometers n schoolchildren from three Peruvian cities. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2017;34(1):28\u201335. doi:10.17843\/rpmesp.2017.341.2764"},{"issue":"5","key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22715","article-title":"Gross motor coordination and weight status of Portuguese children aged 6\u201314\u00a0years","volume":"27","author":"Antunes AM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antunes AM, Maia JA, Stasinopoulos MD, et\u00a0al. Gross motor coordination and weight status of Portuguese children aged 6\u201314\u00a0years. Am J Hum Biol. 2015;27(5):681\u20139. doi:10.1002\/ajhb.22715"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","series-title":"Leis Stud","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/02614369000390191","article-title":"Gender roles and sports in adolescent girls","volume":"9","author":"Archer J","year":"1990","unstructured":"Archer J, McDonald M. Gender roles and sports in adolescent girls. Leis Stud. 1990;9(3):225\u201340. doi:10.1080\/02614369000390191"},{"issue":"4","key":"r5","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.08.011","article-title":"Child, family and environmental correlates of children\u2019s motor skill proficiency","volume":"16","author":"Barnett L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barnett L, Hinkley T, Okely AD, Salmon J. Child, family and environmental correlates of children\u2019s motor skill proficiency. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(4):332\u20136. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.08.011"},{"issue":"11","key":"r6","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0495-z","article-title":"Correlates of gross motor competence in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Barnett LM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barnett LM, Lai SK, Veldman SLC, et\u00a0al. Correlates of gross motor competence in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(11):1663\u201388. doi:10.1007\/s40279-016-0495-z"},{"issue":"7","key":"r7","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0546","article-title":"Epidemiological transition in physical activity and sedentary time in children","volume":"16","author":"Barreira TV","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Tudor-Locke C, et\u00a0al. Epidemiological transition in physical activity and sedentary time in children. J Phys Act Health. 2019;16(7):518\u201324. doi:10.1123\/jpah.2018-0546"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"r8","series-title":"Int J Obes Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1038\/ijosup.2015.12","article-title":"The epidemiological transition and the global childhood obesity epidemic","volume":"5","author":"Broyles ST","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broyles ST, Denstel KD, Church TS, et\u00a0al. The epidemiological transition and the global childhood obesity epidemic. Int J Obes Suppl. 2015;5(suppl):S3\u20138. doi:10.1038\/ijosup.2015.12"},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Como crecen y se desarrollan los ni\u00f1os y adolescentes en La Merced y San Ram\u00f3n? Alcances para la Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, el Deporte y la Salud","author":"Bustamante A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bustamante A, Beunen G, Maia J. Como crecen y se desarrollan los ni\u00f1os y adolescentes en La Merced y San Ram\u00f3n? Alcances para la Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, el Deporte y la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n; 2011."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica","first-page":"121","article-title":"Efectos de la actividad f\u00edsica y del nivel socioecon\u00f3mico en el sobrepeso y obesidad de escolares, Lima Este 2005","volume":"24","author":"Bustamante VA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bustamante VA, Seabra AF, Garganta RM, Maia JA. Efectos de la actividad f\u00edsica y del nivel socioecon\u00f3mico en el sobrepeso y obesidad de escolares, Lima Este 2005. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2007;24:121\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"r11","series-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3nn en Communicacci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.33595\/2226-1478.14.2.838","article-title":"Consumo de Alimentos Procesados y Ultraprocesados, y su Relaci\u00f3n con la Actividad F\u00edsica en Adolescentes","volume":"14","author":"Choque Quispe M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choque Quispe M, Arriola MMM, Rivera Valdivia K. Consumo de Alimentos Procesados y Ultraprocesados, y su Relaci\u00f3n con la Actividad F\u00edsica en Adolescentes. Revista de Investigaci\u00f3nn en Communicacci\u00f3n y Desarrollo. 2023;14(2):111\u201321. doi:10.33595\/2226-1478.14.2.838"},{"issue":"5","key":"r12","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","article-title":"eSalud en Per\u00fa: implementaci\u00f3n de pol\u00edticas para el fortalecimiento de sistemas de informaci\u00f3n en salud","volume":"35","author":"Curioso WH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Curioso WH. eSalud en Per\u00fa: implementaci\u00f3n de pol\u00edticas para el fortalecimiento de sistemas de informaci\u00f3n en salud. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2014;35(5):437\u201341."},{"issue":"6","key":"r13","series-title":"Obesity","first-page":"1505","article-title":"A longitudinal study of gross motor coordination and weight status in children","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Hondt E","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Hondt E, Deforche B, Gentier I, et\u00a0al. A longitudinal study of gross motor coordination and weight status in children. Obesity. 2014;22(6):1505\u201311."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Res Dev Disabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.003","article-title":"Developmental and physical-fitness associations with gross motor coordination problems in Peruvian children","volume":"53","author":"de Chaves RN","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Chaves RN, Bustamante Vald\u00edvia A, et\u00a0al. Developmental and physical-fitness associations with gross motor coordination problems in Peruvian children. Res Dev Disabil. 2016;53:107\u201314. doi:10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"r15","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2012-0137","article-title":"Motor coordination, activity, and fitness at 6\u00a0years of age relative to activity and fitness at 10\u00a0years of age","volume":"11","author":"de Souza MC","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Souza MC, de Chaves RN, Lopes VP, et\u00a0al. Motor coordination, activity, and fitness at 6\u00a0years of age relative to activity and fitness at 10\u00a0years of age. J Phys Act Health. 2014;11(6):1239\u201347. doi:10.1123\/jpah.2012-0137"},{"issue":"14","key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147516","article-title":"The relationship between social environmental factors and motor performance in 3- to 12-year-old typically developing children: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Derikx D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derikx D, Houwen S, Meijers V, Schoemaker MM, Hartman E. The relationship between social environmental factors and motor performance in 3- to 12-year-old typically developing children: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(14). doi:10.3390\/ijerph18147516"},{"issue":"2","key":"r17","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22638","article-title":"Secular trends in physical fitness of Mozambican school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Dos Santos FK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dos Santos FK, Prista A, Gomes TN, et\u00a0al. Secular trends in physical fitness of Mozambican school-aged children and adolescents. Am J Hum Biol. 2015;27(2):201\u20136. doi:10.1002\/ajhb.22638"},{"issue":"5","key":"r18","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13061","article-title":"Modeling children\u2019s development in gross motor coordination reveals key modifiable determinants. An allometric approach","volume":"28","author":"Dos Santos MAM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dos Santos MAM, Nevill AM, Buranarugsa R, et\u00a0al. Modeling children\u2019s development in gross motor coordination reveals key modifiable determinants. An allometric approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(5):1594\u2013603. doi:10.1111\/sms.13061"},{"issue":"16","key":"r19","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165671","article-title":"Secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents: a review of large-scale epidemiological studies published after 2006","volume":"17","author":"Eberhardt T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eberhardt T, Niessner C, Oriwol D, Buchal L, Worth A, B\u00f6s K. Secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents: a review of large-scale epidemiological studies published after 2006. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(16):5671. doi:10.3390\/ijerph17165671"},{"year":"1993","series-title":"Handbook for the EUROFIT Tests of Physical Fitness","key":"r20","unstructured":"EUROFIT. Handbook for the EUROFIT Tests of Physical Fitness. 2nd ed. Committee of Experts on Sports Research; 1993."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2022.2039615","article-title":"What do we know about pedagogical models in physical education so far? An umbrella review","volume":"29","author":"Fernandez-Rio J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandez-Rio J, Iglesias D. What do we know about pedagogical models in physical education so far? An umbrella review. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2024;29:1\u201316. doi:10.1080\/17408989.2022.2039615"},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults","author":"Gallahue DL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults. 6th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Front Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785990","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.785990","article-title":"Gross motor coordination: we have a problem! A study with the k\u00f6rperkoordinations test f\u00fcr kinder in youth (6\u201313\u00a0years)","volume":"9","author":"Giuriato M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giuriato M, Biino V, Bellafiore M, et\u00a0al. Gross motor coordination: we have a problem! A study with the k\u00f6rperkoordinations test f\u00fcr kinder in youth (6\u201313\u00a0years). Front Pediatr. 2021;9:785990. doi:10.3389\/fped.2021.785990"},{"key":"r24","series-title":"PeerJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13483","article-title":"Gross motor coordination and their relationship with body mass and physical activity level during growth in Children aged 8\u201311\u00a0years old: a longitudinal and allometric approach","volume":"10","author":"Giuriato M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giuriato M, Lovecchio N, Carnevale Pellino V, Mieszkowski J, Kawczy\u0144ski A, Nevill A, Biino V. Gross motor coordination and their relationship with body mass and physical activity level during growth in Children aged 8\u201311\u00a0years old: a longitudinal and allometric approach. PeerJ 2022;10:e13483. doi:10.7717\/peerj.13483"},{"issue":"2","key":"r25","series-title":"High Alt Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2006.7.116","article-title":"Growth and development of Andean high altitude residents","volume":"7","author":"Greksa LP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greksa LP. Growth and development of Andean high altitude residents. High Alt Med Biol. 2006;7(2):116\u201324. doi:10.1089\/ham.2006.7.116"},{"issue":"1","key":"r26","series-title":"J Sport Dev","first-page":"15","article-title":"Sport for development programs for girls and women: a global assessment","volume":"1","author":"Hancock M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hancock M, Lyras A, Ha JP. Sport for development programs for girls and women: a global assessment. J Sport Dev. 2013;1(1):15\u201324."},{"issue":"10","key":"r27","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318295a9fc","article-title":"Thirteen-year trends in child and adolescent fundamental movement skills: 1997\u20132010","volume":"45","author":"Hardy LL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hardy LL, Barnett L, Espinel P, Okely AD. Thirteen-year trends in child and adolescent fundamental movement skills: 1997\u20132010. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(10):1965\u201370. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318295a9fc"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa.21.11","article-title":"Physical activity and health-related physical fitness in Taiwanese adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Huang YC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huang YC, Malina RM. Physical activity and health-related physical fitness in Taiwanese adolescents. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2002;21(1):11\u20139. doi:10.2114\/jpa.21.11"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13028","article-title":"Fundamental movement skills in adolescents: Secular trends from 2003 to 2010 and associations with physical activity and BMI","volume":"28","author":"Huotari P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huotari P, Heikinaro-Johansson P, Watt A, Jaakkola T. Fundamental movement skills in adolescents: Secular trends from 2003 to 2010 and associations with physical activity and BMI. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(3):1121\u20139. doi:10.1111\/sms.13028"},{"article-title":"Censo Nacional 2017","year":"2023","key":"r30","unstructured":"INEI. Censo Nacional 2017. 2023. Available from https:\/\/censo2017.inei.gob.pe\/resultados-definitivos-de-los-censos-nacionales-2017\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"r31","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Secular trends in health-related physical fitness among 11\u201314-year-old Croatian children and adolescents from 1999 to 2014","volume":"11","author":"Kasovi\u0107 M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasovi\u0107 M, \u0160tefan L, Petri\u0107 V. Secular trends in health-related physical fitness among 11\u201314-year-old Croatian children and adolescents from 1999 to 2014. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11039."},{"key":"r32","series-title":"Koperkoordinationtestfur Kinder","author":"Kiphard EJ","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kiphard EJ, Schilling F. Koperkoordinationtestfur Kinder. Beltz Test GmbH; 1974."},{"issue":"6","key":"r33","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14146","article-title":"Trends in gross body coordination and cardiorespiratory fitness-a hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of 35 000 2nd Graders","volume":"32","author":"Koeppel M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koeppel M, Eckert K, Huber G. Trends in gross body coordination and cardiorespiratory fitness-a hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of 35 000 2nd Graders. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(6):1026\u201340. doi:10.1111\/sms.14146"},{"issue":"2","key":"r34","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13578","article-title":"Comparison of motor competence in children aged 6\u20139\u00a0years across northern, central, and southern European regions","volume":"30","author":"Laukkanen A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laukkanen A, Bardid F, Lenoir M, et\u00a0al. Comparison of motor competence in children aged 6\u20139\u00a0years across northern, central, and southern European regions. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(2):349\u201360. doi:10.1111\/sms.13578"},{"key":"r35","series-title":"Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual","author":"Lohman TG","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human Kinetics Books; 1988."},{"issue":"6","key":"r36","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22310","article-title":"Associations between sedentary behavior and motor coordination in children","volume":"24","author":"Lopes L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopes L, Santos R, Pereira B, Lopes VP. Associations between sedentary behavior and motor coordination in children. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(6):746\u201352. doi:10.1002\/ajhb.22310"},{"issue":"1","key":"r37","series-title":"Hum Mov Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2012.05.005","article-title":"Associations between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in elementary school children","volume":"32","author":"Lopes L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lopes L, Santos R, Pereira B, Lopes VP. Associations between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in elementary school children. Hum Mov Sci. 2013;32(1):9\u201320. doi:10.1016\/j.humov.2012.05.005"},{"key":"r38","series-title":"Standing Tall. Peru\u2019s Success in Overcoming Its Stunting Crisis","author":"Marini A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marini A, Rokx C, Gallagher P. Standing Tall. Peru\u2019s Success in Overcoming Its Stunting Crisis. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank; 2017."},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Curr\u00edculo Nacional de la Educaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica","key":"r39","unstructured":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n. Curr\u00edculo Nacional de la Educaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica. Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n; 2016."},{"year":"2018","series-title":"Plan de Fortalecimiento de la Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y el Deporte Escolar","key":"r40","unstructured":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n. Plan de Fortalecimiento de la Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y el Deporte Escolar. Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n; 2018. Available from https:\/\/www.drelm.gob.pe\/drelm\/portal\/plan-de-fortalecimiento-de-la-educacion-fisica-y-el-deporte-escolar-2018-2\/"},{"key":"r41","series-title":"Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of fundamental motor skills between 2006 and 2016 in Dutch primary school children","author":"Mombarg R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mombarg R, de Bruijn AGM, Smits IAM, Hemker BT, Hartman E, Bosker RJ, Timmermans AC. Development of fundamental motor skills between 2006 and 2016 in Dutch primary school children. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2021:1\u201318."},{"key":"r42","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02524","article-title":"K\u00f6rperkoordinationstest F\u00fcr Kinder (KTK) for Brazilian Children and Adolescents: Factor Analysis, Invariance and Factor Score","volume":"10","author":"Moreira JPA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreira JPA, Lopes MC, Miranda-J\u00fanior MV, Valentini NC, Lage GM, Albuquerque MR. K\u00f6rperkoordinationstest F\u00fcr Kinder (KTK) for Brazilian Children and Adolescents: Factor Analysis, Invariance and Factor Score. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2524. doi:10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02524"},{"issue":"5","key":"r43","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2221928","article-title":"Secular change in selected motor performance parameters and BMI in Swiss primary school children from 2014\u20132021: the Sportcheck+ study","volume":"41","author":"Nebiker L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nebiker L, Lichtenstein E, Hauser C, et\u00a0al. Secular change in selected motor performance parameters and BMI in Swiss primary school children from 2014\u20132021: the Sportcheck+ study. J Sports Sci. 2023;41(5):441\u201350. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2023.2221928"},{"issue":"10","key":"r44","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.141838","article-title":"Child health and living at high altitude","volume":"94","author":"Niermeyer S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Niermeyer S, Andrade Mollinedo P, Huicho L. Child health and living at high altitude. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94(10):806. doi:10.1136\/adc.2008.141838"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Biological and environmental influences on motor coordination in Peruvian children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Pereira S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira S, Bustamante A, Santos C, et\u00a0al. Biological and environmental influences on motor coordination in Peruvian children and adolescents. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15444."},{"issue":"2","key":"r46","series-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2018.10.013","article-title":"Why are children different in their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis","volume":"96","author":"Pereira S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira S, Reyes A, Moura-Dos-Santos MA, et\u00a0al. Why are children different in their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels? A multilevel analysis. J Pediatr. 2020;96(2):225\u201332. doi:10.1016\/j.jped.2018.10.013"},{"article-title":"El reto de la igualdad. Una lectura de las din\u00e1micas territoriales en el Per\u00fa","year":"2023","key":"r47","unstructured":"PNUD. El reto de la igualdad. Una lectura de las din\u00e1micas territoriales en el Per\u00fa. 2023. Available from https:\/\/www.undp.org\/es\/peru\/publications\/el-reto-de-la-igualdad"},{"issue":"19","key":"r48","series-title":"J Sports Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1626570","article-title":"Modelling the dynamics of children\u2019s gross motor coordination","volume":"37","author":"Reyes AC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reyes AC, Chaves R, Baxter-Jones ADG, et\u00a0al. Modelling the dynamics of children\u2019s gross motor coordination. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(19):2243\u201352. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2019.1626570"},{"issue":"9","key":"r49","series-title":"Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0351-6","article-title":"Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health","volume":"45","author":"Robinson LE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robinson LE, Stodden DF, Barnett LM, et\u00a0al. Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Med. 2015;45(9):1273\u201384. doi:10.1007\/s40279-015-0351-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"r50","series-title":"Ann Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2020.1742378","article-title":"A multilevel analysis of gross motor coordination of children and adolescents living at different altitudes: the Peruvian Health and Optimist Growth Study","volume":"47","author":"Santos C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santos C, Bustamante A, Hedeker D, Vasconcelos O, Garganta R, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J. A multilevel analysis of gross motor coordination of children and adolescents living at different altitudes: the Peruvian Health and Optimist Growth Study. Ann Hum Biol. 2020;47(4):355\u201364. doi:10.1080\/03014460.2020.1742378"},{"issue":"4","key":"r51","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043236","article-title":"Secular trends in physical fitness of peruvian children living at high-altitude","volume":"20","author":"Santos C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santos C, Pereira S, Vasconcelos O, et\u00a0al. Secular trends in physical fitness of peruvian children living at high-altitude. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2023; 20(4). doi:10.3390\/ijerph20043236"},{"key":"r52","series-title":"Sum of Raw Scores of Each KTK Test","author":"Schilling F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schilling F. Sum of Raw Scores of Each KTK Test. 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"r53","series-title":"Transl Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/tsm2.292","article-title":"Secular trends in motor performance of children and adolescents between 2010 and 2020","volume":"4","author":"Schlag E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schlag E, Ferrari N, Koch B, Dordel S, Joisten C. Secular trends in motor performance of children and adolescents between 2010 and 2020. Transl Sports Med. 2021;4(6):882\u201391. doi:10.1002\/tsm2.292"},{"key":"r54","series-title":"Rev Saude Publica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.11606\/S1518-8787.2018052000202","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in school adolescents in Peru","volume":"52","author":"Sharma B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma B, Chavez RC, Eun Woo Nam EW. Prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in school adolescents in Peru. Rev Saude Publica. 2018;52:51. doi:10.11606\/S1518-8787.2018052000202"},{"key":"r55","series-title":"Rev Saude Publica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.11606\/S1518-8787.2018052000202","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in school adolescents in Peru","volume":"52","author":"Sharma B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma B, Chavez RC, Nam EW. Prevalence and correlates of insufficient physical activity in school adolescents in Peru. Rev Saude Publica. 2018;52:51. doi:10.11606\/S1518-8787.2018052000202"},{"issue":"4","key":"r56","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040383","article-title":"Television viewing and its association with sedentary behaviors, self-rated heath and academic performance among secondary school students in Peru","volume":"14","author":"Sharma B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma B, Cosme Chavez R, Jeong AS, Nam EW. Television viewing and its association with sedentary behaviors, self-rated heath and academic performance among secondary school students in Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(4):383. doi:10.3390\/ijerph14040383"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 14","key":"r57","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. StataCorp LP; 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"r58","series-title":"Quest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2008.10483582","article-title":"A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: an emergent relationship","volume":"60","author":"Stodden DF","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stodden DF, Goodway JD, Langendorfer SJ, et\u00a0al. A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: an emergent relationship. Quest. 2008;60(2):290\u2013306. doi:10.1080\/00336297.2008.10483582"},{"key":"r59","series-title":"Health Measurement Scales. A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use","author":"Streiner DL","year":"2008","unstructured":"Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health Measurement Scales. A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use. 4th ed. Oxford Unversity Press; 2008."},{"issue":"3","key":"r60","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22949","article-title":"Deficits in anthropometric indices of nutritional status and motor performance among low birth weight children from Maputo City, Mozambique","volume":"29","author":"Tchamo ME","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tchamo ME, Moura-Dos-Santos MA, Dos Santos FK, Prista A, Leandro CG. Deficits in anthropometric indices of nutritional status and motor performance among low birth weight children from Maputo City, Mozambique. Am J Hum Biol. 2017;29(3):e22949. doi:10.1002\/ajhb.22949"},{"issue":"6-8","key":"r61","series-title":"Ann Hum Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1568549","article-title":"Familial resemblance in gross motor coordination. The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health","volume":"45","author":"Vald\u00edvia AB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vald\u00edvia AB, Henrique RS, Pereira S, et\u00a0al. Familial resemblance in gross motor coordination. The Peruvian Sibling Study on Growth and Health. Ann Hum Biol. 2018;45(6-8):463\u20139. doi:10.1080\/03014460.2019.1568549"},{"issue":"4","key":"r62","series-title":"Early Child Educ J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-009-0350-z","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting preschoolers\u2019 motor development","volume":"37","author":"Venetsanou F","year":"2010","unstructured":"Venetsanou F, Kambas A. Environmental factors affecting preschoolers\u2019 motor development. Early Child Educ J. 2010;37(4):319\u201327. doi:10.1007\/s10643-009-0350-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"r63","series-title":"Dev Sci","first-page":"400","article-title":"Human behaviour and development under high-altitude conditions","volume":"9","author":"Viru\u00e9s-Ortega J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Viru\u00e9s-Ortega J, Garrido E, Javierre C, Kloezeman KC. Human behaviour and development under high-altitude conditions. Dev Sci. 2006;9(4):400\u201310."},{"issue":"10","key":"r64","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.81","article-title":"Cerebral artery dilatation maintains cerebral oxygenation at extreme altitude and in acute hypoxia\u2014an ultrasound and MRI study","volume":"31","author":"Wilson MH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilson MH, Edsell ME, Davagnanam I, et\u00a0al. Cerebral artery dilatation maintains cerebral oxygenation at extreme altitude and in acute hypoxia\u2014an ultrasound and MRI study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(10):2019\u201329. doi:10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.81"},{"issue":"10","key":"r65","series-title":"J Phys Act Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2020-0199","article-title":"Changes in physical fitness among preschool children from Krak\u00f3w (Poland) from 2008 to 2018","volume":"17","author":"\u017begle\u0144 M","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u017begle\u0144 M, Kryst \u0141, Kowal M, Woronkowicz A. Changes in physical fitness among preschool children from Krak\u00f3w (Poland) from 2008 to 2018. J Phys Act Health. 2020;17(10):987\u201394. doi:10.1123\/jpah.2020-0199"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Exercise Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/pes\/37\/4\/article-p322.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/pes\/37\/4\/article-p322.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/pes\/37\/4\/article-p322.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:22:59Z","timestamp":1760721779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.humankinetics.com\/view\/journals\/pes\/37\/4\/article-p322.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.2023-0170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-8493","1543-2920"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-8493"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1543-2920"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}