{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:06:18Z","timestamp":1790838378369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpet.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T01:40:00Z","timestamp":1243561200000},"page":"660-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Preclinical Evaluation of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists: Comparison of Tiotropium and Investigational Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"330","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Casarosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bouyssou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Germeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schnapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Gantner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes PJ (2000) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 343: 269-280.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007273430407"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes PJ (2004) The role of anticholinergics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 117 (Suppl 12A): 24S-32S.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.10.018"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender BG (2002) Overcoming barriers to nonadherence in asthma treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109: S554-S559.","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.124570"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casarosa P, Waldhoer M, LiWang PJ, Vischer HF, Kledal T, Timmerman H, Schwartz TW, Smit MJ, and Leurs R (2005) CC and CX3C chemokines differentially interact with the N terminus of the human cytomegalovirus-encoded US28 receptor. J Biol Chem 280: 3275-3285.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407536200"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng Y and Prusoff WH (1973) Relationship between the inhibition constant (K 1) and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 per cent inhibition (I50) of an enzymatic reaction. Biochem Pharmacol 22: 3099-3108.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(73)90196-2"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer JA, Bradley-Kennedy C, and Scalera A (2007) Treatment persistence and compliance with medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Respir J 14: 25-29.","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/161652"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disse B, Reichl R, Speck G, Traunecker W, Ludwig Rominger KL, and Hammer R (1993) Ba 679 BR, a novel long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator. Life Sci 52: 537-544.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90312-Q"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disse B, Speck GA, Rominger KL, Witek TJ Jr, and Hammer R (1999) Tiotropium (Spiriva): mechanistical considerations and clinical profile in obstructive lung disease. Life Sci 64: 457-464.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00588-8"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowling MR and Charlton SJ (2006) Quantifying the association and dissociation rates of unlabelled antagonists at the muscarinic M3 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 148: 927-937.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706819"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross NJ (2006) Anticholinergic agents in asthma and COPD. Eur J Pharmacol 533: 36-39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.072"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross NJ and Skorodin MS (1984) Role of the parasympathetic system in airway obstruction due to emphysema. N Engl J Med 311: 421-425.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198408163110701"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansel TT, Neighbour H, Erin EM, Tan AJ, Tennant RC, Maus JG, and Barnes PJ (2005) Glycopyrrolate causes prolonged bronchoprotection and bronchodilatation in patients with asthma. Chest 128: 1974-1979.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.1974"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill AV (1909) The mode of action of nicotine and curari determined by the form of the contraction curve and the method of temperature coefficients. J Physiol (Lond) 39: 367-373.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1909.sp001344"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenakin TP (1984) The classification of drugs and drug receptors in isolated tissues. Pharmacol Rev 36: 165-222.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06644-X"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee AM, Jacoby DB, and Fryer AD (2001) Selective muscarinic receptor antagonists for airway diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 1: 223-229.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(01)00040-6"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mistry R, Dowling MR, and Challiss RA (2005) An investigation of whether agonist-selective receptor conformations occur with respect to M2 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling via Gi\/o and Gs proteins. Br J Pharmacol 144: 566-575.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706090"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motulsky HJ and Mahan LC (1984) The kinetics of competitive radioligand binding predicted by the law of mass action. Mol Pharmacol 25: 1-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)15016-5"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray CJ and Lopez AD (1997) Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990\u20132020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349: 1498-1504.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07492-2"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, et al. (2007) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176: 532-555.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-456SO"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rennard SI, Serby CW, Ghafouri M, Johnson PA, and Friedman M (1996) Extended therapy with ipratropium is associated with improved lung function in patients with COPD. a retrospective analysis of data from seven clinical trials. Chest 110: 62-70.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.1.62"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib21","unstructured":"Roberts SA (2003) Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in drug discovery. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 6: 66-80."},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura G and Ohta K (2007) Adherence to treatment by patients with asthma or COPD: comparison between inhaled drugs and transdermal patch. Respir Med 101: 1895-1902.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.05.001"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashkin DP (2005) Is a long-acting inhaled bronchodilator the first agent to use in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Curr Opin Pulm Med 11: 121-128.","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200503000-00004"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, Burkhart D, Kesten S, Menjoge S, and Decramer M (2008) A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 359: 1543-1554.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805800"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villetti G, Bergamaschi M, Bassani F, Bolzoni PT, Harrison S, Gigli PM, Janni A, Geppetti P, Civelli M, and Patacchini R (2006) Pharmacological assessment of the duration of action of glycopyrrolate vs tiotropium and ipratropium in guinea-pig and human airways. Br J Pharmacol 148: 291-298.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706724"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincken W, van Noord JA, Greefhorst AP, Bantje TA, Kesten S, Korducki L, and Cornelissen PJ (2002) Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr\u2019s treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J 19: 209-216.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00238702"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152470_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wess J, Eglen RM, and Gautam D (2007) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: mutant mice provide new insights for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6: 721-733.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2379"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356524385453?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356524385453?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1124\/jpet.109.152470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T01:33:52Z","timestamp":1740015232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022356524385453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022356524385453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.109.152470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Preclinical Evaluation of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists: Comparison of Tiotropium and Investigational Drugs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.109.152470","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2009 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}