{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:12:46Z","timestamp":1772802766178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpet.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T00:46:51Z","timestamp":1314924411000},"page":"757-767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Indirect Sympatholytic Actions at \u03b2-Adrenoceptors Account for the Ocular Hypotensive Actions of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"339","author":[{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meggie","family":"Beazley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Szczesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Straiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie E.M.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221379","article-title":"The sympathetic innervation of the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork of the cat. Fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy","volume":"173","author":"Akagi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2009.0006","article-title":"Ocular hypotensive effects of anti-glaucoma agents in mice","volume":"25","author":"Akaishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.12.012","article-title":"Uveoscleral outflow\u2013a review","volume":"88","author":"Alm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib4","first-page":"1813","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-adrenergic agonists on paracellular width and fluid flow across outflow pathway cells","volume":"39","author":"Alvarado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.102970","article-title":"Rebound tonometry: new opportunities and limitations of non-invasive determination of intraocular pressure","volume":"90","author":"Cervino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.1.87","article-title":"Effect of WIN 55212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys","volume":"121","author":"Chien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.021","article-title":"The ins and outs of aqueous humour secretion","volume":"78","author":"Civan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(84)90013-7","article-title":"Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity and neurotoxicity after administration of cannabinol or cannabigerol","volume":"39","author":"Colasanti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1985.1.47","article-title":"Effect of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure after removal of autonomic input","volume":"1","author":"Colasanti","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/108076802760116142","article-title":"Adenylyl cyclase activity mediated by \u03b2-adrenoceptors in immortalized human trabecular meshwork and non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells","volume":"18","author":"Crider","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2006.19.3.985929","article-title":"Trabecular meshwork as a new target for the treatment of glaucoma","volume":"19","author":"Ferrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib12","first-page":"175","article-title":"The ocular effects of cannabinoids","volume":"1","author":"Green","year":"1979","journal-title":"Curr Top Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(77)90259-7","article-title":"Cannabinoid action on the eye as mediated through the central nervous system and local adrenergic activity","volume":"24","author":"Green","year":"1977","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(76)90173-1","article-title":"Mediation of ocular tetrahydrocannabinol effects by adrenergic nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Green","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03190100074024","article-title":"Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure","volume":"217","author":"Hepler","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22429","article-title":"Architecture of cannabinoid signaling in mouse retina","volume":"518","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00681.x","article-title":"Physical and functional interaction between CB1 cannabinoid receptors and \u03b22-adrenoceptors","volume":"160","author":"Hudson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib19","series-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15639.x","article-title":"Inhibition of exocytotic noradrenaline release by presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors on peripheral sympathetic nerves","volume":"118","author":"Ishac","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00259-0","article-title":"Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma","volume":"95","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5400.401","article-title":"Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice","volume":"283","author":"Ledent","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060020099037","article-title":"Central nervous system and peripheral mechanisms in ocular hypotensive effect of cannabinoids","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707495","article-title":"Agonist-dependent cannabinoid receptor signalling in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"152","author":"McIntosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35258-5","article-title":"Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma","volume":"87","author":"Merritt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)01131-X","article-title":"Potential roles of (endo)cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma: from intraocular pressure control to neuroprotection","volume":"173","author":"Nucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-10-2","article-title":"Different stress-related phenotypes of BALB\/c mice from in-house or vendor: alterations of the sympathetic and HPA axis responsiveness","volume":"10","author":"Olfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2007.0074","article-title":"Topical WIN55212-2 alleviates intraocular hypertension in rats through a CB1 receptor mediated mechanism of action","volume":"24","author":"Oltmanns","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00499-8","article-title":"Effect of the CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, on cannabinoid-induced ocular hypotension in normotensive rabbits","volume":"63","author":"Pate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01482-6","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system as a target for therapeutic drugs","volume":"21","author":"Piomelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-2-12","article-title":"Intraocular pressure in genetically distinct mice: an update and strain survey","volume":"2","author":"Savinova","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705449","article-title":"Lack of CB1 receptors increases noradrenaline release in vas deferens without affecting atrial noradrenaline release or cortical acetylcholine release","volume":"140","author":"Schlicker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35269-3","article-title":"Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of WIN55212-2","volume":"292","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01438-8","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression, activation and detection of endogenous ligand in trabecular meshwork and ciliary process tissues","volume":"431","author":"Stamer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib35","first-page":"2442","article-title":"Localization of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the human anterior eye and retina","volume":"40","author":"Straiker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.12.003","article-title":"Stimulation of cannabinoid (CB1) and prostanoid (EP2) receptors opens BKCa channels and relaxes ocular trabecular meshwork","volume":"80","author":"Stumpff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.22.160","article-title":"Ocular hypotensive effects of an intratracheally delivered liposomal \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol preparation in rats","volume":"22","author":"Szczesniak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2011.0041","article-title":"Nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, abnormal cannabidiol and canabigerol-dimethyl heptyl, act at novel cannabinoid receptors to reduce intraocular pressure","volume":"27","author":"Szczensiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000265251","article-title":"Action mechanism of timolol to lower the intraocular pressure in rabbits","volume":"15","author":"Watanabe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2556","article-title":"Multiple genes on chromosome 7 regulate dopaminergic amacrine cell number in the mouse retina","volume":"50","author":"Whitney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.111.185769_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.03.002","article-title":"The inflow and outflow of anti-glaucoma drugs","volume":"25","author":"Woodward","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356524466512?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356524466512?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1124\/jpet.111.185769","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T02:39:25Z","timestamp":1740019165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022356524466512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022356524466512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.111.185769","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Indirect Sympatholytic Actions at \u03b2-Adrenoceptors Account for the Ocular Hypotensive Actions of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.111.185769","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2011 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}