{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:12:25Z","timestamp":1790622745839,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpet.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T14:45:14Z","timestamp":1567781114000},"page":"453-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"371","author":[{"given":"Randy","family":"Torralva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Janowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01494-8","article-title":"Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and effects on morphine-induced antinociception in rats","volume":"465","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Ineffective ventilation during conscious sedation due to chest wall rigidity after intravenous midazolam and fentanyl","volume":"37","author":"Ackerman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib3","first-page":"20","article-title":"Central noradrenergic neurons: a locus for the functional interplay between alpha-2 adrenoceptors and opiate receptors","volume":"43","author":"Aghajanian","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(80)90184-7","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase and catecholamine distribution in the locus ceruleus of the rat","volume":"5","author":"Albanese","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318238bba6","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior","volume":"115","author":"Al-Hasani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib6","series-title":"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Larynx Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve","author":"Allen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-03-01179.2000","article-title":"Opioids suppress IPSCs in neurons of the rat medial septum\/diagonal band of Broca: involvement of \u03bc-opioid receptors and septohippocampal GABAergic neurons","volume":"20","author":"Alreja","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016","article-title":"Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: a comprehensive review","volume":"134","author":"Armenian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5339-03.2004","article-title":"Numerous GABAergic afferents to locus ceruleus in the pericerulear dendritic zone: possible interneuronal pool","volume":"24","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/71.4.540","article-title":"Fentanyl inhibits the uptake of [3H]noradrenaline in cultured neuronal cells","volume":"71","author":"Atcheson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(89)90009-2","article-title":"The carbachol-induced enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs is dose dependent and antagonized by centrally administered atropine","volume":"2","author":"Baghdoyan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A813","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198809010-00813","article-title":"Respiratory effects of midazolam and fentanyl: potent interaction producing hypoxemia and apnea","volume":"69","author":"Bailey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07376.x","article-title":"\u03b12-Adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors have opposing actions on cyclic AMP levels in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"53","author":"Baron","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib14","first-page":"98","article-title":"Fentanyl","volume":"19","author":"Barutell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dolor"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198903000-00010","article-title":"The autonomic innervation of the human vocal cord: neuropeptides","volume":"99","author":"Basterra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.09.006","article-title":"Pharmacological research as a key component in mitigating the opioid overdose crisis","volume":"39","author":"Baumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199711000-00010","article-title":"Difficult or impossible ventilation after sufentanil-induced anesthesia is caused primarily by vocal cord closure","volume":"87","author":"Bennett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib18","first-page":"578273","article-title":"Central and peripheral GABAA receptor regulation of the heart rate depends on the conscious state of the animal","volume":"2011","author":"Bentzen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/56.2.195","article-title":"Myoneural effects of pethidine and droperidol","volume":"56","author":"Boros","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199601000-00017","article-title":"Intravenous opioids stimulate norepinephrine and acetylcholine release in spinal cord dorsal horn. Systematic studies in sheep and an observation in a human","volume":"84","author":"Bouaziz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0305-z","article-title":"Active control of arousal by a locus coeruleus GABAergic circuit","volume":"22","author":"Breton-Provencher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-10","article-title":"A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation","volume":"11","author":"Brinker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704229","article-title":"Homologous and heterologous uncoupling of muscarinic M3 and \u03b11B adrenoceptors to G\u03b1q\/11 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"134","author":"Bundey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1157722","article-title":"Could chest wall rigidity be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse?","volume":"54","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4863-8_56","article-title":"Local injection of NaCN into the nucleus locus ceruleus of the rat brain induces respiratory depression","volume":"454","author":"Ch\u00e1vez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00571-7","article-title":"Evidence for \u03bc1-opioid receptor involvement in fentanyl-mediated respiratory depression","volume":"312","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09334-4","article-title":"The mu-opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) [but not D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP)] produces a nonopioid receptor-mediated increase in K+ conductance of rat locus ceruleus neurons","volume":"50","author":"Chieng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib28","series-title":"Opioid I, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77460-7_9","article-title":"Opioid receptor-coupled second messenger systems","author":"Childers","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13898.x","article-title":"Electrophysiological actions of alfentanil: intracellular studies in the rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"110","author":"Chiu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63809-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of opioid actions on neurons of the locus coeruleus","volume":"88","author":"Christie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06908.x","article-title":"A very small dose of suxamethonium relieves laryngospasm","volume":"48","author":"Chung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.010","article-title":"Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: a rapidly changing risk environment","volume":"46","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000034","article-title":"A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.009613","article-title":"Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope","volume":"22","author":"Clarke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90443-X","article-title":"Physiological effects of high dose naloxone administration to normal adults","volume":"30","author":"Cohen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib36","article-title":"Fentanyl: receptor pharmacology, abuse potential, and implications for treatment","author":"Comer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90448-8","article-title":"Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in the rat brain. I. Quantitative autoradiographic studies","volume":"362","author":"Cort\u00e9s","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90001-0","article-title":"Quantitative light microscopic autoradiographic localization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the human brain: brainstem","volume":"12","author":"Cortes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90449-X","article-title":"Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in the human brain. II. Quantitative autoradiographic studies","volume":"362","author":"Cort\u00e9s","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2131","article-title":"Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity","volume":"143","author":"\u00c7oruh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(75)90142-9","article-title":"Localization of the central sympatho-inhibitory effect of a narcotic analgesic agent, fentanyl, in cats","volume":"33","author":"Daskalopoulos","year":"1975","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib42","series-title":"Opiate Receptors and Antagonists: from Bench to Clinic","author":"Dean","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2004","article-title":"Respiratory action of the intercostal muscles","volume":"85","author":"De Troyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199203000-00008","article-title":"The intramuscular nerve supply of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle of the dog","volume":"102","author":"Diamond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.02.009","article-title":"Learning to breathe: habituation of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex emerges with postnatal brainstem maturation","volume":"195","author":"Dutschmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014990","article-title":"Noradrenaline-mediated synaptic inhibition in rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"345","author":"Egan","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1985.tb11070.x","article-title":"Acetylcholine acts on m2-muscarinic receptors to excite rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"85","author":"Egan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90281-2","article-title":"Actions of acetylcholine and nicotine on rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Egan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)23162-7","article-title":"Regional distribution of M1, M2 and non-M1, non-M2 subtypes of muscarinic binding sites in rat brain","volume":"255","author":"Ehlert","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib50","first-page":"449","article-title":"Fentanyl-induced cough\u2014pathophysiology and prevention","volume":"22","author":"El Baissari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00037","article-title":"Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity and laryngospasm in preterm and term infants","volume":"28","author":"Fahnenstich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.005","article-title":"Naloxone for heroin, prescription opioid, and illicitly made fentanyl overdoses: challenges and innovations responding to a dynamic epidemic","volume":"46","author":"Fairbairn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-016-9963-5","article-title":"Metabolism of carfentanil, an ultra-potent opioid, in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes by high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Feasel","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07486-0","article-title":"Metabolism of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid analgesic, by human liver microsomes. Role of CYP3A4","volume":"24","author":"Feierman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200501000-00033","article-title":"Tramadol and vocal cord closure","volume":"102","author":"Fodale","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00123","article-title":"REM sleep at its core\u2014circuits, neurotransmitters, and pathophysiology","volume":"6","author":"Fraigne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.4.693","article-title":"Expiratory activity of the abdominal muscles in man during general anesthesia","volume":"19","author":"Freund","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197304000-00009","article-title":"Abdominal-muscle rigidity induced by morphine and nitrous oxide","volume":"38","author":"Freund","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199712000-00024","article-title":"Involvement of cerulospinal glutamatergic neurotransmission in fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity in the rat","volume":"87","author":"Fu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012404","article-title":"Central noradrenergic mediation of nitrous oxide-induced analgesia in rats","volume":"45","author":"Fukuhara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90244-3","article-title":"Sympathetic stimulating effects of sufentanil in the cat are mediated centrally","volume":"91","author":"Gaumann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00045.2015","article-title":"Activation of \u03b11-adrenoceptors facilitates excitatory inputs to medullary airway vagal preganglionic neurons","volume":"119","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2011.04.017","article-title":"A case of serotonin syndrome precipitated by fentanyl and ondansetron in a patient receiving paroxetine, duloxetine, and bupropion","volume":"24","author":"Gollapudy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197007000-00003","article-title":"Fentanyl in anesthesia: a report of 500 cases","volume":"49","author":"Grell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.02.010","article-title":"Fentanyl inhibits GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus","volume":"1007","author":"Griffioen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(96)00893-3","article-title":"Possible involvement of multiple cytochrome P450S in fentanyl and sufentanil metabolism as opposed to alfentanil","volume":"53","author":"Guitton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/83.6.909","article-title":"Effects of tramadol stereoisomers on norepinephrine efflux and uptake in the rat locus coeruleus measured by real time voltammetry","volume":"83","author":"Halfpenny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195311000-00002","article-title":"Effect of levallorphan tartrate upon opiate induced respiratory depression","volume":"14","author":"Hamilton","year":"1953","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2011\u20132016","volume":"67","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198108000-00005","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of and catecholamine responses to high dose fentanyl-O2 for induction of anesthesia in patients with ischemic coronary artery disease","volume":"60","author":"Hicks","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000145533","article-title":"Fluorescence histochemical studies on the noradrenergic innervation of the canine larynx","volume":"113","author":"Hisa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00453535","article-title":"The localization of the motor neurons innervating the cricothyroid muscle in the adult dog by the fluorescent retrograde axonal labeling technique","volume":"234","author":"Hisa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01402.x","article-title":"Laryngeal muscle fibre types","volume":"183","author":"Hoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s005400200022","article-title":"Effects of fentanyl on cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses in surgical patients","volume":"16","author":"Hori","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-4597(10)60050-1","article-title":"Negative pressure pulmonary edema following naloxone administration in a patient with fentanyl-induced respiratory depression","volume":"48","author":"Horng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(86)90055-X","article-title":"Central \u03b11-adrenergic and opiate systems in the control of the vagal tone in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"17","author":"Huchet","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197904000-00011","article-title":"Fentanyl disposition in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and its relationship to ventilatory depression in the dog","volume":"50","author":"Hug","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.64.57","article-title":"Binding of fentanyl and pethidine to muscarinic receptors in rat brain","volume":"64","author":"Hustveit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03761.x","article-title":"Fentanyl and pethidine are antagonists on muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileum","volume":"37","author":"Hustveit","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0475-y","article-title":"The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology","volume":"67","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.281626","article-title":"The fentanyl epidemic and evolution of fentanyl analogs in the United States and the European Union","volume":"65","author":"Jannetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib82","series-title":"Sublimaze Injection (fentanyl tcitrate) [package insert]","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1979.tb07879.x","article-title":"The characteristics of [3H]-clonidine binding to an \u03b1-adrenoceptor in membranes from guinea-pig kidney","volume":"65","author":"Jarrott","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/18.6.317","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of smoked heroin","volume":"18","author":"Jenkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.846212","article-title":"Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in nonfailing and failing human myocardium","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(87)90226-7","article-title":"Reversal of opioid-induced muscular rigidity in rats: evidence for alpha-2 adrenergic involvement","volume":"28","author":"Jerussi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib87","series-title":"Understanding Voice Problems: a Physiological Perspective for Diagnosis and Treatment","first-page":"64","article-title":"Morphology of vocal fold mucosa: histology to genomics","author":"Jette","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146470","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146470","article-title":"Identification of a group of GABAergic neurons in the dorsomedial area of the locus coeruleus","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00103-0","article-title":"Opioids suppress spontaneous and NMDA-induced inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat in vitro","volume":"755","author":"Jolas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.02.008","article-title":"Respiratory depression and brain hypoxia induced by opioid drugs: morphine, oxycodone, heroin, and fentanyl","volume":"151","author":"Kiyatkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066614523100","article-title":"Safety of propofol as an induction agent for urgent endotracheal intubation in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"30","author":"Koenig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.025","article-title":"Fentanyl treatment reduces GABAergic inhibition in the CA1 area of the hippocampus 24 h after acute exposure to the drug","volume":"55","author":"Kouvaras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90245-4","article-title":"Hyperactivity versus explosive motor behavior induced by opioids in the rat. Mechanisms elucidated with enkephalin-tyrosine-o-sulfate and morphine congeners","volume":"30","author":"LaBella","year":"1982","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1287","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00199.2003","article-title":"\u03bc-Opioid receptor agonist effects on medullary respiratory neurons in the cat: evidence for involvement in certain types of ventilatory disturbances","volume":"285","author":"Lalley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1139\/y96-029","article-title":"The 1995 Ciba-Geigy Award Lecture. Intrinsic regulation of hepatic blood flow","volume":"74","author":"Lautt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-019-01294-y","article-title":"Carfentanil: a narrative review of its pharmacology and public health concerns [published correction appears in Can J Anaesth (2019) 66:625]","volume":"66","author":"Leen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90017-5","article-title":"Localization of muscarinic M3 receptor protein and M3 receptor binding in rat brain","volume":"63","author":"Levey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018421","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine and ephedrine, but not propofol, suppress fentanyl-induced cough","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-012-0016-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of non-intravenous formulations of fentanyl","volume":"52","author":"L\u00f6tsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90155-7","article-title":"Efferent projections of nucleus locus coeruleus: topographic organization of cells of origin demonstrated by three-dimensional reconstruction","volume":"18","author":"Loughlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90723-X","article-title":"Antagonization of fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity by denervation of the coerulospinal noradrenergic pathway in the rat","volume":"157","author":"Lui","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90252-8","article-title":"Involvement of locus coeruleus and noradrenergic neurotransmission in fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity in the rat","volume":"96","author":"Lui","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90728-R","article-title":"Involvement of coerulospinal noradrenergic pathway in fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity in rats","volume":"108","author":"Lui","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)12162-5","article-title":"Inhibition by intrathecal prazosin but not yohimbine of fentanyl-induced muscular rigidity in the rat","volume":"201","author":"Lui","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90080-3","article-title":"Cholinoceptive pontine reticular mechanisms cause state-dependent respiratory changes in the cat","volume":"102","author":"Lydic","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.3.5.2920876","article-title":"State-dependent hypotonia in posterior cricoarytenoid muscles of the larynx caused by cholinoceptive reticular mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Lydic","year":"1989","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90685-W","article-title":"Pharmacological profiles of fentanyl analogs at \u03bc, \u03b4 and \u03ba opiate receptors","volume":"213","author":"Maguire","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198308050-00004","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives","volume":"8","author":"Mather","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.138","article-title":"Intravenous fentanyl kinetics","volume":"28","author":"McClain","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(80)90021-0","article-title":"The neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle\u2014a review","volume":"14","author":"McNaughton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2006.27.2871","article-title":"Vocal cord dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Mikita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1139\/y89-085","article-title":"Fentanyl decreases catecholamine metabolism measured by in vivo voltammetry in the rat locus coeruleus","volume":"67","author":"Milne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011439","article-title":"Fentanyl increases catecholamine oxidation current measured by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum","volume":"36","author":"Milne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.112177","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of cirrhosis","volume":"57","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2944","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for the classification of vocal cord dysfunction","volume":"138","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.6.1676","article-title":"Vocal cord dysfunction in patients with exertional dyspnea","volume":"116","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10258-7","article-title":"Characterization of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat brain: a reevaluation of [3H]WB4104 and [3H]prazosin binding","volume":"29","author":"Morrow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0195-4","article-title":"Higher doses of naloxone are needed in the synthetic opiod era","volume":"14","author":"Moss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01361.x","article-title":"Electron microscopic distribution of mu opioid receptors on noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus","volume":"9","author":"Moyse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200211000-00053","article-title":"The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor drugs on morphine-induced spastic paraparesis after a noninjurious interval of spinal cord ischemia in rats","volume":"95","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/56.11.1259","article-title":"Droperidol inhibits cardiac vagal efferents in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Nashan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.1.33","article-title":"Ventral medulla sites of muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in cardiorespiratory control","volume":"69","author":"Nattie","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1985.sp015743","article-title":"On the potassium conductance increased by opioids in rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"364","author":"North","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.007","article-title":"Fentanyl exposure among patients seeking opioid treatment","volume":"96","author":"Ochalek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.007203","article-title":"Cardiac alpha1-adrenergic receptors: novel aspects of expression, signaling mechanisms, physiologic function, and clinical importance","volume":"66","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6643e1","article-title":"Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700\u201410 states, July\u2013December 2016","volume":"66","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197202000-00011","article-title":"Electrophysiologic study of reinnervated laryngeal motor units","volume":"82","author":"Ohyama","year":"1972","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.2","article-title":"Morphine and metabolite behavior after different routes of morphine administration: demonstration of the importance of the active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide","volume":"47","author":"Osborne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.180","article-title":"Age-related morphine kinetics","volume":"34","author":"Owen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2003.08.016","article-title":"\u03b12-Adrenergic receptor subtype alterations in the brainstem in the sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Ozawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/51.8.775","article-title":"Has droperidol an atropinic effect?","volume":"51","author":"Parmentier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-5402(86)90032-X","article-title":"A chronic sheep preparation for the study of drug pharmacokinetics in spinal and ventricular CSF","volume":"16","author":"Payne","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Methods"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1163\/1571806031310798","article-title":"The Moscow theater hostage crisis: the perpetrators, their tactics, and the Russian response","volume":"8","author":"Pilch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Negot"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-010-9188-3","article-title":"Review: pharmacogenetic aspects of the effect of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on serotonergic drug metabolism, response, interactions, and adverse effects","volume":"7","author":"Pilgrim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib135","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fentanyl pharmocological characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Planas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dolor"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659509013752","article-title":"Fentanyl: a review for clinical and analytical toxicologists","volume":"33","author":"Poklis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432515","article-title":"The effects of naloxone on opiate and placebo analgesia in healthy volunteers","volume":"87","author":"Posner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2012.871.876","article-title":"Effect of amitriptyline on adrenergic receptor number and second messenger function in rat brain","volume":"15","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.4.1027","article-title":"Intravenous morphine-induced activation of vagal afferents: peripheral, spinal, and CNS substrates mediating inhibition of spinal nociception and cardiovascular responses","volume":"68","author":"Randich","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90801-7","article-title":"Locus coeruleus unit activity in freely moving cats is increased following systemic morphine administration","volume":"344","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09932-8","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors","volume":"45","author":"Raynor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/42.10.891","article-title":"A review of the structural and functional basis of laryngospasm and a discussion of the nerve pathways involved in the reflex and its clinical significance in man and animals","volume":"42","author":"Rex","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710601107","article-title":"Effect of antagonism at central nervous system M3 muscarinic receptors on laryngeal chemoresponse","volume":"106","author":"Richardson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14105","article-title":"Opioid-induced inhibition of the human 5-HT and noradrenaline transporters in vitro: link to clinical reports of serotonin syndrome","volume":"175","author":"Rickli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015994030251","article-title":"Solubility and related physicochemical properties of narcotic analgesics","volume":"5","author":"Roy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098617744161","article-title":"Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Rzasa Lynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777229","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777193","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part II: physiological and pharmacological manipulations and pathological alterations of locus coeruleus activity in humans","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.11.014","article-title":"Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and related compounds VII. Quantification of \u03b1-methylfentanyl metabolites excreted in rat urine","volume":"195","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198303000-00008","article-title":"Fentanyl-O2-N2O rigidity and pulmonary compliance","volume":"62","author":"Scamman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701877374","article-title":"Fentanyl epidemic in Chicago, Illinois and surrounding Cook County","volume":"46","author":"Schumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"371","author":"Schuppan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.74610","article-title":"Stiff man syndrome and anaesthetic considerations: successful management using combined spinal epidural anaesthesia","volume":"26","author":"Shanthanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.08.004","article-title":"On the front lines of the opioid epidemic: rescue by naloxone","volume":"835","author":"Skolnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.051","article-title":"Heroin and fentanyl overdoses in Kentucky: epidemiology and surveillance","volume":"46","author":"Slavova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200508000-00016","article-title":"Fentanyl attenuates \u03b11B-adrenoceptor-mediated pulmonary artery contraction","volume":"103","author":"Sohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197201000-00006","article-title":"Studies in muscle rigidity, nitrous oxide, and narcotic analgesic agents","volume":"51","author":"Sokoll","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0323-17.2017","article-title":"Heroin contaminated with fentanyl dramatically enhances brain hypoxia and induces brain hypothermia","volume":"4","author":"Solis","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6614a2","article-title":"Characteristics of fentanyl overdose\u2014Massachusetts, 2014\u20132016","volume":"66","author":"Somerville","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib160","series-title":"Presented at Society for Endocrinologu BES 2007","first-page":"P482","article-title":"Antidepressants and elevated catecholamines","author":"Sriraman","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib161","series-title":"The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia","first-page":"641","article-title":"The history of opioid use in anesthetic delivery","author":"Stanley","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197503000-00015","article-title":"Hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to fentanyl, fentanyl-droperidol, and nitrous oxide in patients with acquired valvular heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Stoelting","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198807000-00009","article-title":"Anesthetic action of opiates: correlations of lipid solubility and spectral edge","volume":"67","author":"Stone","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199304000-00003","article-title":"Fentanyl-induced rigidity and unconsciousness in human volunteers. Incidence, duration, and plasma concentrations","volume":"78","author":"Streisand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90536-9","article-title":"(+)-[3H]SKF 10,047, (+)-[3H]ethylketocyclazocine, \u03bc, \u03ba, \u03b4 and phencyclidine binding sites in guinea pig brain membranes","volume":"109","author":"Tam","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib166","first-page":"167","article-title":"Identification of human liver cytochrome P-450 3A4 as the enzyme responsible for fentanyl and sufentanil N-dealkylation","volume":"82","author":"Tateishi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"Suppl 8A","key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00860-9","article-title":"Maturation and transformation of reflexes that protect the laryngeal airway from liquid aspiration from fetal to adult life","volume":"111","author":"Thach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00251","article-title":"Effect of acute fentanyl treatment on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649901070","article-title":"Liver blood flow changes during laparoscopic surgery in pigs. A study of hepatic indocyanine green removal","volume":"13","author":"Tu\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2013.11.005","article-title":"Cerebral mechanisms of general anesthesia","volume":"33","author":"Uhrig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M268","article-title":"Morphine-induced muscle rigidity in a term neonate","volume":"43","author":"van der Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S6673","article-title":"The successful treatment of vocal cord dysfunction with low-dose amitriptyline\u2014including literature review","volume":"2","author":"Varney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp021872","article-title":"Presynaptic inhibitory action of opioids on synaptic transmission in the rat periaqueductal grey in vitro","volume":"498","author":"Vaughan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2010.12.007","article-title":"Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid \u03bc receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs","volume":"59","author":"Volpe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2013","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00167.2006","article-title":"Contrasting inotropic responses to \u03b11-adrenergic receptor stimulation in left versus right ventricular myocardium","volume":"291","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12438","article-title":"Local cholinergic interneurons modulate GABAergic inhibition in the chicken optic tectum","volume":"39","author":"Weigel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90022-6","article-title":"Localization of brainstem sites which mediate alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity in the rat","volume":"29","author":"Weinger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198908000-00013","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat","volume":"71","author":"Weinger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-015-9915-4","article-title":"The potential of metabolomic analysis techniques for the characterisation of \u03b11-adrenergic receptors in cultured N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells","volume":"68","author":"Wenner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-5402(87)90033-7","article-title":"The in situ isolated larynx for evaluating peripheral opiate receptor antagonists","volume":"17","author":"Willette","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Methods"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(82)90177-7","article-title":"Opioids increase laryngeal resistance and motoneuron activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve","volume":"80","author":"Willette","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(82)90372-7","article-title":"Pulmonary opiate receptor activation evokes a cardiorespiratory reflex","volume":"78","author":"Willette","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90265-3","article-title":"Membrane properties of rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6413-x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture: a practical review","volume":"259","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib185","first-page":"382","article-title":"Fentanyl attenuates porcine coronary arterial contraction through M3-muscarinic antagonism","volume":"76","author":"Yamanoue","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199207000-00022","article-title":"Elucidation of dose-effect relationships for different opiate effects using alfentanil in the spontaneously ventilating rat","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib187","series-title":"Jack Fishman dies at 83; saved many from overdose","first-page":"1","author":"Yardley","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197808000-00012","article-title":"Tracheal constriction by morphine and by fentanyl in man","volume":"49","author":"Yasuda","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(95)00064-6","article-title":"Histochemical properties of intrinsic laryngeal muscles in cats","volume":"56","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1124\/jpet.119.258566_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000266152","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system in the larynx. An anatomical study of the motor, sensory and autonomic nerve fibers","volume":"44","author":"Yoshida","year":"1992","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr (Basel)"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356524268853?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356524268853?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1124\/jpet.119.258566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T08:58:35Z","timestamp":1739955515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022356524268853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022356524268853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.119.258566","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.119.258566","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}