{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:34:13Z","timestamp":1760819653194,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["molpharm.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,22]],"date-time":"2003-10-22T02:36:10Z","timestamp":1066790170000},"page":"1109-1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Role of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Nitrate Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jon","family":"DiFabio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Vasiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory R.J.","family":"Thatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anonymous (1991) Acute and chronic antianginal efficacy of continuous twenty-four-hour application of transdermal nitroglycerin. Steering Committee, Transdermal Nitroglycerin Cooperative Study. Am J Cardiol 68: 1263-1273.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90229-E"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artz JD, Toader V, Zavorin SI, Bennett BM, and Thatcher GRJ (2001) In vitro activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and nitric oxide release: a comparison of NO-donors and NO-mimetics. Biochemistry 40: 9256-9264.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi002885x"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artz J, Yang K, Lock J, Sanchez C, Bennett BM, and Thatcher GRJ (1996) Reactivity of thionitrate esters: putative intermediates in nitrovasodilator activity. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 927-928.","DOI":"10.1039\/cc9960000927"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib4","unstructured":"Bennett BM, Kobus SM, Brien JF, Nakatsu K, and Marks GS (1986) Requirement for reduced, unliganded hemoprotein for the hemoglobin-and myoglobin-mediated biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 237: 629-635."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib5","unstructured":"Bennett BM, Leitman DC, Schr\u00f6der H, Kawamoto JH, Nakatsu K, and Murad F (1989) Relationship between biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate and cyclic GMP accumulation in various cultured cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 250: 316-323."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett BM and Marks GS (1984) How does nitroglycerin induce vascular smooth muscle relaxation? Trends Pharmacol Sci 5: 329-332.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(84)90461-9"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett BM, McDonald BJ, Nigam R, and Simon WC (1994) Biotransformation of organic nitrates and vascular smooth muscle cell function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15: 245-249.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(94)90319-0"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett BM, Schroder H, Hayward LD, Waldman SA, and Murad F (1988) Effect of in vitro organic nitrate tolerance on relaxation, cyclic GMP accumulation and guanylate cyclase activation by glyceryl trinitrate and the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate. Circ Res 63: 693-701.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.63.4.693"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berndt MC, Bowles MR, King GJ, and Zerner B (1996) Inhibition of chicken liver carboxylesterase by activated carbonyls and carbonyl hydrates. Biochim Biophys Acta 1298: 159-166.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(96)00117-3"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib10","unstructured":"Brien JF, McLaughlin BE, Breedon TH, Bennett BM, Nakatsu K, and Marks GS (1986) Biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate occurs concurrently with relaxation of rabbit aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 237: 608-614."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib11","unstructured":"Brien JF, McLaughlin BE, Kobus SM, Kawamoto JH, Nakatsu K, and Marks GS (1988) Mechanism of glyceryl trinitrate-induced vasodilation. I. Relationship between drug biotransformation, tissue cyclic GMP elevation and relaxation of rabbit aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244: 322-327."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brudvig GW, Stevens TH, and Chan SI (1980) Reactions of nitric oxide with cytochrome c oxidase. Biochemistry 19: 5275-5285.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00564a020"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhang J, and Stamler JS (2002) Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 8306-8311.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122225199"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Lande IS, Stafford I, and Horowitz JD (1999) Tolerance induction by transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 374: 71-75.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00319-2"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMaster EG, Redfern B, and Nagasawa HT (1998) Mechanisms of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by nitroxyl, the active metabolite of the alcohol deterrent agent cyanamide. Biochem Pharmacol 55: 2007-2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00080-X"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMaster EG, Redfern B, Shirota FN, and Nagasawa HT (1986) Differential inhibition of rat tissue catalase by cyanamide. Biochem Pharmacol 35: 2081-2085.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90574-5"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doel JJ, Godber BL, Goult TA, Eisenthal R, and Harrison R (2000) Reduction of organic nitrites to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidase: possible role in metabolism of nitrovasodilators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270: 880-885.","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2534"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib18","unstructured":"Fleming M, Mihic SJ, and Harris RA (2001) Ethanol, in Goodman and Gillman\u2019s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Hardman JG, Limbird LE, and Gillman AG eds) p 441, Pergamon Press, New York."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib19","unstructured":"Fung H-L and Poliszczuk R (1986) Nitrosothiol and nitrate tolerance. Z Kardiol 75: 25-27."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuffre A, Barone MC, Mastronicola D, D\u2019Itri E, Sarti P, and Brunori M (2000) Reaction of nitric oxide with the turnover intermediates of cytochrome c oxidase: reaction pathway and functional effects. Biochemistry 39: 15446-15453.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi000447k"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habig WH, Keen JH, and Jackoby WB (1975) Glutathione S-transferase in the formation of cyanide from organic thiocyanates and as an organic nitrate reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 64: 501-506.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(75)90349-6"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin L, Davis MR, Hu P, and Baillie TA (1994) Identification of novel glutathione conjugates of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate in rat bile by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Evidence for metabolic activation of disulfiram in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 7: 526-533.","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00040a008"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlov AV, Staniek K, and Nohl H (1999) Nitrite reductase activity is a novel function of mammalian mitochondria. FEBS Lett 454: 127-130.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00788-7"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipsky JJ, Shen ML, and Naylor S (2001) In vivo inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram. Chem Biol Interact 130-132: 93-102.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(00)00225-8"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loomis CW and Brien JF (1983) Inhibition of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases in the rat by calcium carbimide (calcium cyanamide). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 61: 1025-1034.","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-153"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meah Y, Brown BJ, Chakraborty S, and Massey V (2001) Old yellow enzyme: reduction of nitrate esters, glycerin trinitrate and propylene 1,2-dinitrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 8560-8565.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151249098"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald BJ and Bennett BM (1990) Cytochrome P-450-mediated biotransformation of organic nitrates. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68: 1552-1557.","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-236"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald BJ and Bennett BM (1993) Biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate by rat aortic cytochrome P450. Biochem Pharmacol 45: 268-270.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90403-J"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib29","unstructured":"McGuire JJ, Anderson DJ, and Bennett BM (1994) Inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of glyceryl trinitrate by the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulfate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271: 708-714."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuire JJ, Anderson DJ, McDonald BJ, Narayanasami R, and Bennett BM (1998) Inhibition of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and glyceryl trinitrate biotransformation by diphenyleneiodonium sulfate. Biochem Pharmacol 56: 881-893.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00216-0"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukerjee N and Pietruszko R (1994) Inactivation of human aldehyde dehydrogenase by isosorbide dinitrate. J Biol Chem 269: 21664-21669.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31857-4"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcnzel T, Snyegh H, Freeman BA, Tarpey MM, and Harrison DG (1995) Evidence for enhanced vascular superoxide anion production in nitrate tolerance: a novel mechanism of tolerance and cross tolerance. J Clin Investig 95: 187-194.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117637"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray J, Macartney D, and Thatcher GR (2001) Catalysis of NO production by a molybdoenzyme model. Org Lett 3: 3635-3638.","DOI":"10.1021\/ol0165701"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib34","unstructured":"Needleman P and Johnson EM Jr (1973) Mechanism of tolerance development to organic nitrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 184: 709-715."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib35","unstructured":"Nigam R, Lee S-F, Anderson DJ, and Bennett BM (1996) Isoform-specific biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate by rat aortic glutathione S-transferases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279: 1527-1534."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks NJ, Krohn KJ, Mathis CA, Chasko JH, Geiger KR, Gregor ME, and Peek NF (1981) Nitrogen-13-labeled nitrite and nitrate: distribution and metabolism after intratracheal administration. Science (Wash DC) 212: 58-60.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7209517"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietruszko R, Mukerjee N, Blatter EE, and Lehmann T (1995) Nitrate esters as inhibitors and substrates of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Adv Exp Med Biol 372: 25-34.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1965-2_4"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratz JD, Adams MA, and Bennett BM (2002) Effect of in vivo nitrate tolerance on the hypersensitivity to NO-donors after NO-synthase blockade. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 80: 1106-1118.","DOI":"10.1139\/y02-141"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib39","unstructured":"Ratz JD, Fraser AB, Rees-Milton KJ, Adams MA, and Bennett BM (2000a) Endothelin receptor antagonism does not prevent the development of in vivo glyceryl trinitrate tolerance in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295: 578-585."},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratz JD, McGuire JJ, Anderson DJ, and Bennett BM (2000b) Effects of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulfate, on ex vivo organic nitrate tolerance in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293: 569-577.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39270-5"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds JN, Bennett BM, Boegman RJ, Jhamandas K, Ratz JD, Zavorin SI, Scutaru D, Dumitrascu A, and Thatcher GR (2002) Neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury conferred by a novel nitrate ester. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12: 2863-2866.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00631-5"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez J, Maloney RE, Rassaf T, Bryan NS, and Feelisch M (2003) Chemical nature of nitric oxide storage forms in rat vascular tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 336-341.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0234600100"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sage PR, de la Lande IS, Stafford I, Bennett CL, Phillipov G, Stubberdfield J, and Horowitz JD (2000) Nitroglycerin tolerance in human vessels. Evidence for impaired nitroglycerin bioconversion. Circulation 102: 2810-2815.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.23.2810"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samouilov A, Kuppusamy P, and Zweier JL (1998) Evaluation of the magnitude and rate of nitric oxide production from nitrite in biological systems. Arch Biochem Biophys 357: 1-7.","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1998.0785"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarti P, Giuffre A, Barone MC, Forte E, Mastronicola D, and Brunori M (2003) Nitric oxide and cytochrome oxidase: reaction mechanisms from the enzyme to the cell. Free Radic Biol Med 34: 509-520.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01326-6"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schindler R (2001) Inhibition of purified pig and human liver retinyl ester hydrolase by pharmacologic agents. Lipids 36: 543-548.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0755-z"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slack CJ, McLaughlin BE, Brien JF, Marks GS, and Nakatsu K (1989) Biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate and isosorbide dinitrate in vascular smooth muscle made tolerant to organic nitrates. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 67: 1381-1385.","DOI":"10.1139\/y89-221"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takase S, Tsutsumi M, and Takada A (1989) Subcellular localization of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in human liver. Gastroenterol Jpn 24: 31-39.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02774868"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thatcher GRJ and Weldon H (1998) NO problem for nitroglycerin: organic nitrate chemistry and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 27: 331-337.","DOI":"10.1039\/a827331z"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tottmar SOC, Pettersson H, and Kiessling K-H (1973) The subcellular distribution and properties of aldehyde dehydrogenases in rat liver. Biochem J 135: 577-586.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1350577a"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towell J, Garthwaite T, and Wang R (1985) Erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase and disulfiram-like side effects of hypoglycemics and antianginals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 9: 438-442.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05579.x"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuchida S, Maki T, and Sato K (1990) Purification and characterization of glutathione transferases with an activity toward nitroglycerin from human aorta and heart. Multiplicity of the human class mu forms. J Biol Chem 265: 7150-7157.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39092-1"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsutsumi M, Takada A, Takase S, and Sugata K (1988) Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes: differences with respect to species. Alcohol 5: 33-38.","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(88)90040-7"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasiliou V and Pappa A (2000) Polymorphisms of human aldehyde dehydrogenases. Consequences for drug metabolism and disease. Pharmacology 61: 192-198.","DOI":"10.1159\/000028400"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace JL and del Soldato P (2003) The therapeutic potential of NO-NSAIDs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17: 11-20.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2003.00125.x"},{"key":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zavorin SI, Artz JD, Dumitrascu A, Nicolescu A, Scutaru D, Smith SV, and Thatcher GR (2001) Nitrate esters as nitric oxide donors: SS-nitrates. Org Lett 3: 1113-1116.","DOI":"10.1021\/ol007022a"}],"container-title":["Molecular Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026895X24018819?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026895X24018819?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T18:14:02Z","timestamp":1736187242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0026895X24018819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0026895X24018819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-895X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0026-895X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Nitrate Tolerance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/mol.64.5.1109","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2003 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}