{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:24:10Z","timestamp":1790663050642,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":299,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1188,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pharmrev.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T12:30:11Z","timestamp":1635510611000},"page":"1404-1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Nonantimicrobial Actions of Macrolides: Overview and Perspectives for Future Development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Kricker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fridrik Runar","family":"Gardarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olafur","family":"Baldursson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorarinn","family":"Gudjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Parnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2784","article-title":"A complex secretory program orchestrated by the inflammasome controls paracrine senescence","volume":"15","author":"Acosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0200TR","article-title":"Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of cigarette smoke exposure","volume":"58","author":"Aghapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104623","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD","volume":"365","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1937","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"Altenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000320319","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics - part 1: biological mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"Altenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000320320","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics - part 2: advantages and disadvantages of long-term, low-dose macrolide therapy","volume":"81","author":"Altenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79350-8","article-title":"Azithromycin, the multidrug-resistant protein, and cystic fibrosis","volume":"351","author":"Altschuler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159354","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/159354","article-title":"Macrolides in chronic inflammatory skin disorders","volume":"2012","author":"Alzolibani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-52","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of clarithromycin in ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"14","author":"Amado-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.10.012","article-title":"Azithromycin protects mice against ischemic stroke injury by promoting macrophage transition towards M2 phenotype","volume":"275","author":"Amantea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166255","article-title":"Cigarette smoke modulates repair and innate immunity following injury to airway epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Amatngalim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh519","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides\u2013an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions?","volume":"55","author":"Amsden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a002584","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002584","article-title":"Physiology and function of the tight junction","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.08.061","article-title":"Drug-induced phospholipidosis","volume":"580","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-18-000001","article-title":"Effects of azithromycin on behavior, pathologic signs, and changes in cytokines, chemokines, and neutrophil migration in C57BL\/6 mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium","volume":"69","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1101-3","article-title":"Azithromycin induces epidermal differentiation and multivesicular bodies in airway epithelia","volume":"20","author":"Arason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9822-7","article-title":"Macrolide use and neutrophil function\/cytokine levels in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a pilot study","volume":"194","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/19.2.275","article-title":"In-vitro activity of erythromycin, roxithromycin and CP 62993 against common paediatric pathogens","volume":"19","author":"Aronoff","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1805-1812.2006","article-title":"Novel effects of azithromycin on tight junction proteins in human airway epithelia","volume":"50","author":"Asgrimsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00845.x","article-title":"Diffuse panbronchiolitis in East Asia","volume":"11","author":"Azuma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.10.2016","article-title":"Differential modulation of cytokine production by macrolides: interleukin-6 production is increased by spiramycin and erythromycin","volume":"35","author":"Bailly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02322.x","article-title":"The effect of azithromycin on reactive oxygen species in rosacea","volume":"32","author":"Bakar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.189894","article-title":"Regulating the barrier function of airway epithelia. A novel role for CFTR - does it make a difference this time?","volume":"588","author":"Baldursson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0185-4","article-title":"Lysosomes as dynamic regulators of cell and organismal homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Ballabio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199815020-00009","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral azithromycin in serum, urine, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and inflammatory vs non-inflammatory skin blisters in healthy volunteers","volume":"15","author":"Ballow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12574","article-title":"Azithromycin analogue CSY0073 attenuates lung inflammation induced by LPS challenge","volume":"171","author":"Balloy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00003510","article-title":"Mucoactive drugs","volume":"19","author":"Balsamo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03473-7","article-title":"Macrolide prescription in Dutch children: compliance with guidelines","volume":"38","author":"Bandell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052309","article-title":"Regional differences in susceptibiity of bronchial epithelium to mesenchymal transition and inhibition by the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin","volume":"7","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.06.011","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of azithromycin in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells","volume":"66","author":"Banjanac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15076","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.76","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"1","author":"Barnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-012-0165-1","article-title":"Antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties of azithromycin treatment implications for periodontitis","volume":"21","author":"Bartold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmr.2010.04.002","article-title":"[Asthma and Mycoplasma pneumoniae]","volume":"27","author":"Blanchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00030.2006","article-title":"Moxifloxacin but not ciprofloxacin or azithromycin selectively inhibits IL-8, IL-6, ERK1\/2, JNK, and NF-kappaB activation in a cystic fibrosis epithelial cell line","volume":"292","author":"Blau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.155838","article-title":"Azithromycin and clarithromycin inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced murine pulmonary neutrophilia mainly through effects on macrophage-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-1beta","volume":"331","author":"Bosnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.12.010","article-title":"Azithromycin inhibits macrophage interleukin-1\u03b2 production through inhibition of activator protein-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine pulmonary neutrophilia","volume":"11","author":"Bosnar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib37","series-title":"Nijkamp and Parnham\u2019s Principles of Immunopharmacology","first-page":"589","article-title":"Influence of antibacterial drugs on immune and inflammatory systems","author":"Bosnar","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2372-2377.2005","article-title":"Cellular uptake and efflux of azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin, and cethromycin","volume":"49","author":"Bosnar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6111","DOI":"10.1021\/jm300356u","article-title":"N\u2032-substituted-2\u2032-O,3\u2032-N-carbonimidoyl bridged macrolides: novel anti-inflammatory macrolides without antimicrobial activity","volume":"55","author":"Bosnar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730395","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5730395","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2018","author":"Boukhenouna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2019-0270","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of drug-induced phospholipidosis","volume":"401","author":"Breiden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30802-1","article-title":"Erythromycin","volume":"71","author":"Brittain","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.58","article-title":"Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling","volume":"16","author":"Broz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202698","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma (AZISAST): a multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Brusselle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib45","series-title":"Macrocycles in Drug Discovery","first-page":"206","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory macrolides to manage chronic neutrophilic inflammation","author":"Burnet","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib46","first-page":"67","article-title":"Azithromycin is the answer in paediatric respiratory medicine, but what was the question?","volume":"34","author":"Bush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2010.22.5.291","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"22","author":"Butorac-Petanjek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122666","article-title":"Azithromycin and chloramphenicol diminish neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release","volume":"18","author":"Bystrzycka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238907","article-title":"The airway epithelium-a central player in asthma pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Calv\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03979.x","article-title":"Long-term macrolide treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases: risks, benefits and future developments","volume":"42","author":"Cameron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01969103","article-title":"Comparative studies on the effects of erythromycin A and azithromycin upon extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes in inflammatory processes","volume":"25","author":"Carevi\u0107","year":"1988","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib52","first-page":"211","article-title":"Accumulation, release and subcellular localization of azithromycin in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells in culture","volume":"16","author":"Carlier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Tissue React"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.02.006","article-title":"ECFS best practice guidelines: the 2018 revision","volume":"17","author":"Castellani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib54","first-page":"261","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic response of inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma: considerations for therapy","volume":"13","author":"Cazzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm Genomics Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102613","article-title":"Epithelial cell senescence induces pulmonary fibrosis through Nanog-mediated fibroblast activation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.09.132","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells","volume":"350","author":"Cigana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.057950","article-title":"Long term effects of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis: A double blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Clement","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0497-389","article-title":"A genome-wide search for asthma susceptibility loci in ethnically diverse populations","volume":"15","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1285677","article-title":"Immunomodulatory indications of azithromycin in respiratory disease: a concise review for the clinician","volume":"129","author":"Cramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L715","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00361.2009","article-title":"Epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung","volume":"298","author":"Crosby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02042-3","article-title":"Azithromycin modulates neutrophil function and circulating inflammatory mediators in healthy human subjects","volume":"450","author":"Culi\u0107","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01321-8","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics","volume":"429","author":"Culi\u0107","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib63","first-page":"1309746","article-title":"Airway epithelium dysfunction in cystic fibrosis and COPD","volume":"2018","author":"De Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-53","article-title":"Role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of COPD and pulmonary emphysema","volume":"7","author":"Demedts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209180","article-title":"Macrolides, inflammation and the lung microbiome: untangling the web of causality","volume":"72","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00783-w","article-title":"Prevalence and abundance of selected genes conferring macrolide resistance genes in COPD patients during maintenance treatment with azithromycin","volume":"9","author":"Djamin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib67a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa606","article-title":"Reduction of coronavirus burden with mass azithromycin distribution","volume":"71","author":"Doan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.05.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"107","author":"Donath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.14.14","article-title":"The design of novel classes of macrolides for neutrophil-dominated inflammatory diseases","volume":"6","author":"Erakovi\u0107 Haber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00128914","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: the clinical evidence","volume":"45","author":"Ernst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib70","first-page":"741","article-title":"Approaches to the synthesis of immunolides: selective immunomodulatory macrolides for cystic fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Fecik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01424-09","article-title":"Azithromycin alters macrophage phenotype and pulmonary compartmentalization during lung infection with Pseudomonas","volume":"54","author":"Feola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.04.019","article-title":"Effect of fluticasone propionate\/salmeterol (250\/50 microg) or salmeterol (50 microg) on COPD exacerbations","volume":"102","author":"Ferguson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1086\/425038","article-title":"Azithromycin modulates murine immune responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and inhibits nasal clearance of bacteria","volume":"190","author":"Fernandez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101905","article-title":"Doxycycline, azithromycin and vitamin C (DAV): a potent combination therapy for targeting mitochondria and eradicating cancer stem cells (CSCs)","volume":"11","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001708","article-title":"Variations in antibiotic and azithromycin prescribing for children by geography and specialty-United States, 2013","volume":"37","author":"Fleming-Dutra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813393106","article-title":"Acute regulation of tight junction ion selectivity in human airway epithelia","volume":"106","author":"Flynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2017.11.003","article-title":"Regulation of defensive function on gingival epithelial cells can prevent periodontal disease","volume":"54","author":"Fujita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn Dent Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796697","article-title":"Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes","volume":"36","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-8-17","article-title":"Inhibition of sulfur mustard-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation by the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin in human respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib80","unstructured":"Gardarsson FR, Lehmann F, and Teodorovic P (2017) Azithromycin derivatives with epithelial barrier enhancement properties, https:\/\/patentscope.wipo.int\/(WO\/2017\/085329)."},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.6.1826","article-title":"Long-term clarithromycin decreases prednisone requirements in elderly patients with prednisone-dependent asthma","volume":"118","author":"Garey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"Suppl B","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.suppl_B.23","article-title":"Antibiotics and neutrophil function\u2013potential immunomodulating activities","volume":"31","author":"Gemmell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00105513","article-title":"Respiratory health and disease in Europe: the new European Lung White Book","volume":"42","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31281-3","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib86","first-page":"317","article-title":"Epithelial dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity in asthma","volume":"263","author":"Goldie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.08.011","article-title":"Role of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"67","author":"Gon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.1.72","article-title":"Erythromycin inhibits respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from human airways in vitro","volume":"141","author":"Goswami","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(04)90000-8","article-title":"Effects of six-week clarithromycin therapy in corticosteroid-dependent asthma: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"65","author":"Gotfried","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00110","article-title":"Antibiotics affect ROS production and fibroblast migration in an in-vitro model of sinonasal wound healing","volume":"10","author":"Gouzos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12016","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12016","article-title":"Azithromycin inhibits IL-1 secretion and non-canonical inflammasome activation","volume":"5","author":"Gualdoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.082","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs in the respiratory tract: potential implications in asthma and other lung diseases","volume":"533","author":"Gueders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80570-X","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis and the salt controversy","volume":"96","author":"Guggino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2012","article-title":"Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability","volume":"93","author":"G\u00fcnzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.010770","article-title":"A genome-wide analysis of targets of macrolide antibiotics in mammalian cells","volume":"295","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.02.010","article-title":"DEL-1-regulated immune plasticity and inflammatory disorders","volume":"25","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0357OC","article-title":"Azithromycin maintains airway epithelial integrity during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"42","author":"Halldorsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339702500111","article-title":"Cationic amphiphilic drug-induced phospholipidosis","volume":"25","author":"Halliwell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1159\/000321374","article-title":"Effect of 6 months of erythromycin treatment on inflammatory cells in induced sputum and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"80","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00193810","article-title":"Cigarette smoke impairs airway epithelial barrier function and cell-cell contact recovery","volume":"39","author":"Heijink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14421","article-title":"Epithelial cell dysfunction, a major driver of asthma development","volume":"75","author":"Heijink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04593-8","article-title":"A multi-centre open-label two-arm randomised superiority clinical trial of azithromycin versus usual care in ambulatory COVID-19: study protocol for the ATOMIC2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Hinks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164529","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics exhibit cytotoxic effect under amino acid-depleted culture condition by blocking autophagy flux in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines","volume":"11","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00001506","article-title":"Azithromycin increases phagocytosis of apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells by alveolar macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Hodge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1666OC","article-title":"Azithromycin improves macrophage phagocytic function and expression of mannose receptor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"178","author":"Hodge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02135.x","article-title":"Low-dose azithromycin improves phagocytosis of bacteria by both alveolar and monocyte-derived macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects","volume":"17","author":"Hodge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L678","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00518.2016","article-title":"Nonantibiotic macrolides restore airway macrophage phagocytic function with potential anti-inflammatory effects in chronic lung diseases","volume":"312","author":"Hodge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1772OC","article-title":"Survival after lung volume reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from small airway pathology","volume":"176","author":"Hogg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01030.x","article-title":"The sentinel role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis","volume":"242","author":"Holgate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.07.007","article-title":"Azithromycin impairs TLR7 signaling in dendritic cells and improves the severity of imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice","volume":"84","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05943","article-title":"Prophylactic antibiotic use in COPD and the potential anti-inflammatory activities of antibiotics","volume":"63","author":"Huckle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0096-2","article-title":"Macrophages promote epithelial proliferation following infectious and non-infectious lung injury through a Trefoil factor 2-dependent mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Hung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3457-3461.2004","article-title":"Azithromycin inhibits MUC5AC production induced by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer N-(3-Oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone in NCI-H292 Cells","volume":"48","author":"Imamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00178","article-title":"Antivirulence activity of azithromycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"5","author":"Imperi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.03.074","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of azithromycin attenuates the effects of lipopolysaccharide administration in mice","volume":"539","author":"Iveti\u0107 Tkalcevi\u0107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-011-9305-9","article-title":"Topical azithromycin and clarithromycin inhibit acute and chronic skin inflammation in sensitized mice, with apparent selectivity for Th2-mediated processes in delayed-type hypersensitivity","volume":"35","author":"Iveti\u0107 Tkal\u010devi\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12023","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin in preventing lethal graft-versus-host disease","volume":"171","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04480.x","article-title":"The effect of azithromycin on the maturation and function of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells","volume":"166","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv157","article-title":"Macrolides promote CCL2-mediated macrophage recruitment and clearance of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization in mice","volume":"212","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01432.2011","article-title":"Atelectrauma disrupts pulmonary epithelial barrier integrity and alters the distribution of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin 4","volume":"113","author":"Jacob","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111662","article-title":"14- and 15-membered lactone macrolides and their analogues and hybrids: structure, molecular mechanism of action and biological activity","volume":"182","author":"Janas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01489-8","article-title":"Azithromycin ameliorates sulfur dioxide-induced airway epithelial damage and inflammatory responses","volume":"21","author":"Joelsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib124","first-page":"634","article-title":"Innovative in vitro method to study ventilator induced lung injury","volume":"36","author":"Joelsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib125","first-page":"545","article-title":"Azithromycin has lung barrier protective effects in a cell model mimicking ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"37","author":"Joelsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2015.12.002","article-title":"Long-term azithromycin ameliorates not only airway inflammation but also remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00078-09","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and clinical application of macrolides as immunomodulatory medications","volume":"23","author":"Kanoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.06.014","article-title":"A novel macrolide, solithromycin suppresses mucin overexpression induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS in airway epithelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.009","article-title":"Adjunctive therapy with azithromycin for moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective, propensity score-matching analysis of prospectively collected data at a single center","volume":"51","author":"Kawamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0437-z","article-title":"Azithromycin for idiopathic acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective single-center study","volume":"17","author":"Kawamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.050054","article-title":"Lysosomal sequestration (trapping) of lipophilic amine (cationic amphiphilic) drugs in immortalized human hepatocytes (Fa2N-4 cells)","volume":"41","author":"Kazmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.46.1406","article-title":"Antilymphocytic activity of erythromycin distinct from that of FK506 or cyclosporin A","volume":"46","author":"Keicho","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.47.80","article-title":"Erythromycin promotes monocyte to macrophage differentiation","volume":"47","author":"Keicho","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2007.06.009","article-title":"Seeding drug discovery: integrating telomerase cancer biology and cellular senescence to uncover new therapeutic opportunities in targeting cancer stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Keith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib135","first-page":"CD012406","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib136","first-page":"CD002997","article-title":"Macrolides for chronic asthma","author":"Kew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000142","article-title":"Severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: does the dosage of corticosteroids and type of antibiotic matter?","volume":"21","author":"Kiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib137a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20748","article-title":"Azithromycin does not improve disease course in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease: A randomized equivalence trial","volume":"43","author":"Kneyber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00493.x","article-title":"The airway epithelium: structural and functional properties in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Knight","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12187","article-title":"A novel macrolide\/fluoroketolide, solithromycin (CEM-101), reverses corticosteroid insensitivity via phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway inhibition","volume":"169","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1363179","article-title":"New treatment options for lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"18","author":"Kocsis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947072","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/947072","article-title":"Regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium","volume":"2013","author":"Kojima","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib142a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3482","article-title":"Azithromycin treatment vs placebo in children with respiratory syncytial virus\u2013induced respiratory failure","volume":"3","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib142","first-page":"19","article-title":"Historical changes in epidemiology of diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"29","author":"Kono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5632","DOI":"10.1021\/jm300647f","article-title":"Probing the interactions of macrolide antibiotics with membrane-mimetics by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"55","author":"Kosol","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1275-8","article-title":"Azithromycin has enhanced effects on lung fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients compared to controls [corrected] [published correction appears in Respir Res (2020) 21:29]","volume":"21","author":"Krempaska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2020.100062","article-title":"Azithromycin: the first broad-spectrum therapeutic","author":"Kruger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"issue":"Suppl 9A","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib146","first-page":"12S","article-title":"Applying lessons learned in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis to other chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"117","author":"Kudoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.867","article-title":"The effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin on ex vivo interleukin-8 (IL-8) release from whole blood and IL-8 production by human alveolar macrophages","volume":"47","author":"Kurdowska","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636157","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/636157","article-title":"Macrolide therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-199812000-00006","article-title":"Immunological effects of macrolides","volume":"11","author":"Labro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib150","first-page":"615","article-title":"Interference of antibacterial agents with phagocyte functions: immunomodulation or \u201cimmuno-fairy tales\u201d?","volume":"13","author":"Labro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2001.13.1.3","article-title":"Immunomodulation by macrolide antibiotics","volume":"13","author":"Labro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466619884532","article-title":"What to consider before prescribing inhaled medications: a pragmatic approach for evaluating the current inhaler landscape","volume":"13","author":"Lavorini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0083ED","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: cell death and inflammation revisited","volume":"59","author":"Le Saux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy067","article-title":"Antibiotics in IBD: still a role in the biological era?","volume":"24","author":"Ledder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib155","article-title":"Clarithromycin attenuates radiation-induced lung injury in mice","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.146.2.517","article-title":"Airway epithelial cell migration dynamics. MMP-9 role in cell-extracellular matrix remodeling","volume":"146","author":"Legrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.182246","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator trafficking modulates the barrier function of airway epithelial cell monolayers","volume":"588","author":"LeSimple","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31819e3f7a","article-title":"Emerging macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: detection and characterization of resistant isolates","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2012.12.010","article-title":"EM, EM703 inhibit NF-\u03baB activation induced by oxidative stress from diesel exhaust particle in human bronchial epithelial cells: importance in IL-8 transcription","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib160","first-page":"CD007716","article-title":"Macrolides for diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.02.014","article-title":"One man\u2019s poison is another man\u2019s meat: using azithromycin-induced phospholipidosis to promote ocular surface health","volume":"320","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000351","article-title":"Can tetracycline antibiotics duplicate the ability of azithromycin to stimulate human meibomian gland epithelial cell differentiation?","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1418894","article-title":"The effect of solithromycin, a cationic amphiphilic drug, on the proliferation and differentiation of human meibomian gland epithelial cells","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.01.010","article-title":"Macrolides as immunomodulatory medications for the therapy of chronic lung diseases","volume":"8","author":"L\u00f3pez-Boado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12557","article-title":"The non-antibiotic macrolide EM900 inhibits rhinovirus infection and cytokine production in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"3","author":"Lusamba Kalonji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800628","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00628-2018","article-title":"The potential impact of azithromycin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Macaluso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.136706","article-title":"Erythromycin inhibits neutrophilic inflammation and mucosal disease by upregulating DEL-1","volume":"5","author":"Maekawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.97","article-title":"Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Mangan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2011.02.001","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics broadly and distinctively inhibit cytokine and chemokine production by COPD sputum cells in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Marjanovi\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.12.013","article-title":"Mucus hypersecretion in asthma is associated with rhinosinusitis, polyps and exacerbations","volume":"135","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Rivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S150887","article-title":"Doxofylline is not just another theophylline!","volume":"12","author":"Matera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-214484","article-title":"Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: in search of diagnostic biomarkers and treatable traits","volume":"75","author":"Mathioudakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02011-12","article-title":"Blood, tissue, and intracellular concentrations of azithromycin during and after end of therapy","volume":"57","author":"Matzneller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib174","first-page":"3141","article-title":"Molecular basis for MMP9 induction and disruption of epithelial cell-cell contacts by galectin-3","volume":"127","author":"Mauris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0215OC","article-title":"Azithromycin for early Pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis. The OPTIMIZE randomized trial","volume":"198","author":"Mayer-Hamblett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210408","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling of the lung microbiome in the AERIS study demonstrates repeatability of bacterial and eosinophilic COPD exacerbations","volume":"73","author":"Mayhew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.04.036","article-title":"Development of non-antibiotic macrolide that corrects inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in models of inflammatory bowel diseases and arthritis","volume":"665","author":"Mencarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03353882","article-title":"Mini-symposia and Poster Session Abstracts: Sterolides - a new class of potent anti-inflammatory compounds","volume":"53","author":"Mercep","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2016.05.005","article-title":"Azithromycin differentially affects the IL-13-induced expression profile in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"39","author":"Mertens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S1189","article-title":"Use of azithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"3","author":"Milstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649570","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/649570","article-title":"Macrolide therapy in respiratory viral infections","volume":"2012","author":"Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.11.015","article-title":"Azithromycin recovers reductions in barrier function in human gingival epithelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"62","author":"Miyagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2004.05.011","article-title":"Clarithromycin and azithromycin induce apoptosis of activated lymphocytes via down-regulation of Bcl-xL","volume":"4","author":"Mizunoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00057","volume":"5","author":"Moges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8632","article-title":"Interactions of macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin A, roxithromycin, erythromycylamine [Dirithromycin], and azithromycin) with phospholipids: computer-aided conformational analysis and studies on acellular and cell culture models","volume":"156","author":"Montenez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.6.1366","article-title":"Modulatory effect of antibiotics on cytokine production by human monocytes in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Morikawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn007","article-title":"Azithromycin alters macrophage phenotype","volume":"61","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902866","article-title":"A new strategy for the identification of novel molecules with targeted proresolution of inflammation properties","volume":"184","author":"Navarro-Xavier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00373","article-title":"Neutrophils to the ROScue: mechanisms of NADPH oxidase activation and bacterial resistance","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G988","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00256.2015","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability contributes to the severity of experimental DSS colitis","volume":"309","author":"Nighot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib191","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Mechanisms of the macrolide-induced inhibition of superoxide generation by neutrophils","volume":"39","author":"Nozoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0348TR","article-title":"Molecular processes that drive cigarette smoke-induced epithelial cell fate of the lung","volume":"50","author":"Nyunoya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib193","article-title":"Sputum PGP is reduced by azithromycin treatment in patients with COPD and correlates with exacerbations","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.10.4145-4152.1994","article-title":"Role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and an inhibitory effect of erythromycin on IL-8 release in the airways of patients with chronic airway diseases","volume":"62","author":"Oishi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2163","article-title":"Azithromycin in viral infections","volume":"31","author":"Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000334339","article-title":"Effects of a novel nonantibiotic macrolide, EM900, on cytokine and mucin gene expression in a human airway epithelial cell line","volume":"88","author":"Otsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00764-z","article-title":"A single early-in-life antibiotic course increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis","volume":"12","author":"Ozkul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101633","article-title":"Azithromycin and Roxithromycin define a new family of \u201csenolytic\u201d drugs that target senescent human fibroblasts","volume":"10","author":"Ozsvari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.07.003","article-title":"Plugs of the air passages: a clinicopathologic review","volume":"150","author":"Panchabhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106053","article-title":"Macrolides and viral infections: focus on azithromycin in COVID-19 pathology","volume":"56","author":"Pani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000160901.71813.fe","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of antimicrobials in the therapy of respiratory tract infections","volume":"18","author":"Parnham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.05.023","article-title":"Modulation of neutrophil and inflammation markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by short-term azithromycin treatment","volume":"517","author":"Parnham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.03.003","article-title":"Azithromycin: mechanisms of action and their relevance for clinical applications","volume":"143","author":"Parnham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070345","article-title":"Comparison of oral, intranasal and aerosol administration of amiodarone in rats as a model of pulmonary phospholipidosis","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62232-8","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 knockout confers resistance to corneal epithelial barrier disruption in experimental dry eye","volume":"166","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib206a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.053","article-title":"Azithromycin therapy in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis is not associated with better clinical outcomes: A Randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"161","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00024-20","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00024-20","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus clearance by neutrophils is independent of autophagy","volume":"88","author":"Pohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1210655","article-title":"Azithromycin drives in vitro GM-CSF\/IL-4-induced differentiation of human blood monocytes toward dendritic-like cells with regulatory properties","volume":"91","author":"Polancec","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00131805","article-title":"Diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"28","author":"Poletti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S23655","article-title":"Long-term azithromycin therapy in patients with severe COPD and repeated exacerbations","volume":"6","author":"Pomares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw222","article-title":"Identification of novel macrolides with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and type I and III IFN-augmenting activity in airway epithelium","volume":"71","author":"Porter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2347-4","article-title":"Azithromycin use in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Principi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.03.016","article-title":"Azithromycin ameliorates OVA-induced airway remodeling in Balb\/c mice via suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"58","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.09.025","article-title":"Preventive azithromycin treatment reduces noninfectious lung injury and acute graft-versus-host disease in a murine model of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.03.004","article-title":"Role of MMP-9 in the breakdown of barrier integrity of the corneal endothelium in response to TNF-\u03b1","volume":"122","author":"Rajashekhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.046","article-title":"Inflammasome complexes: emerging mechanisms and effector functions","volume":"165","author":"Rathinam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30080-1","article-title":"Immunomodulation by macrolides: therapeutic potential for critical care","volume":"8","author":"Reijnders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12199","article-title":"Macrolides for the long-term management of asthma--a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"68","author":"Reiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46095","article-title":"Azithromycin blocks autophagy and may predispose cystic fibrosis patients to mycobacterial infection","volume":"121","author":"Renna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005806","article-title":"Azithromycin treatment alters gene expression in inflammatory, lipid metabolism, and cell cycle pathways in well-differentiated human airway epithelia","volume":"4","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib220","first-page":"CD002997","article-title":"Macrolides for chronic asthma","author":"Richeldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563709","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/563709","article-title":"Clinical application of development of nonantibiotic macrolides that correct inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Rodriguez-Cerdeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24129","article-title":"Inflammation in cystic fibrosis: An update","volume":"53","author":"Roesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib223","first-page":"169","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics as biological response modifiers","volume":"1","author":"Rubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01302-3","article-title":"The non-antibiotic macrolide EM900 attenuates HDM and poly(I:C)-induced airway inflammation with inhibition of macrophages in a mouse model","volume":"69","author":"Sadamatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1159\/000508709","article-title":"The nonantibiotic macrolide EM900 attenuates house dust mite-induced airway inflammation in a mouse model of obesity-associated asthma","volume":"181","author":"Sadamatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000142101.53084.f0","article-title":"The use of macrolide antibiotics in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Saiman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.563","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Saiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.4.1105-1107.2002","article-title":"Synergistic activities of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"46","author":"Saiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1749","article-title":"Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"Saiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201911-2234ED","article-title":"Evaluating long-term benefits of chronic azithromycin. Furthering our quest for precision medicine","volume":"201","author":"Saiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.10.027","article-title":"Azithromycin fails to reduce inflammation in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells","volume":"674","author":"Saint-Criq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000196514","article-title":"Interleukin 1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis: a potential mechanism of macrolide therapy","volume":"63","author":"Sakito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208599","article-title":"Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with azithromycin selects for anti-inflammatory microbial metabolites in the emphysematous lung","volume":"72","author":"Segal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201711-868MG","article-title":"Interleukin-13 stimulation reveals the cellular and functional plasticity of the airway epithelium","volume":"15","author":"Seibold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000543","article-title":"New insights in neutrophilic asthma","volume":"25","author":"Seys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200212-1437OC","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro effects of macrolide antibiotics on mucus secretion in airway epithelial cells","volume":"168","author":"Shimizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00093.2005","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics modulate ERK phosphorylation and IL-8 and GM-CSF production by human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"290","author":"Shinkai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.11.001","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics as immunomodulatory medications: proposed mechanisms of action","volume":"117","author":"Shinkai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm084","article-title":"Clarithromycin has an immunomodulatory effect on ERK-mediated inflammation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin","volume":"59","author":"Shinkai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.06.017","article-title":"An in vitro test system for compounds that modulate human inflammatory macrophage polarization","volume":"833","author":"Shiratori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4HI0414-226R","article-title":"Agents that increase AAM differentiation blunt RSV-mediated lung pathology","volume":"96","author":"Shirey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/36.6.941","article-title":"Azithromycin induces in vitro a time-dependent increase in the intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes without damaging phagocytes","volume":"36","author":"Silvestri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.12.25","article-title":"Macrolide therapy is associated with reduced mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients","volume":"6","author":"Simonis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105609","article-title":"The effect of azithromycin in adults with stable neutrophilic COPD: a double blind randomised, placebo controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12960","article-title":"The differential effects of azithromycin on the airway epithelium in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Slater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584262","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/584262","article-title":"Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics","volume":"2012","author":"Steel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2013.132","article-title":"Leucomycin A3, a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A virus infection and disease progression","volume":"67","author":"Sugamata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2015.91","article-title":"Non-antibiotic 12-membered macrolides: design, synthesis and biological evaluation in a cigarette-smoking model","volume":"69","author":"Sugawara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2011.04.004","article-title":"Novel 12-membered non-antibiotic macrolides from erythromycin A; EM900 series as novel leads for anti-inflammatory and\/or immunomodulatory agents","volume":"21","author":"Sugawara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.51","article-title":"Novel 12-membered non-antibiotic macrolides, EM900 series with anti-inflammatory and\/or immunomodulatory activity; synthesis, structure-activity relationships and in vivo study","volume":"65","author":"Sugawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202872","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of serious pneumonia","volume":"68","author":"Suissa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00976-7","article-title":"Azithromycin in COVID-19 patients: pharmacological mechanism, clinical evidence and prescribing guidelines","volume":"43","author":"Sultana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200220666190227224748","article-title":"PI3K\/Akt-Nrf2 and anti-inflammation effect of macrolides in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2020.5138","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics enhance the antitumor effect of lansoprazole resulting in lysosomal membrane permeabilization-associated cell death","volume":"57","author":"Takeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl 9A","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib255","first-page":"5S","article-title":"Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides","volume":"117","author":"Tamaoki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.7.1726","article-title":"Effects of roxithromycin and erythromycin on interleukin 8-induced neutrophil recruitment and goblet cell secretion in guinea pig tracheas","volume":"40","author":"Tamaoki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L746","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00292.2012","article-title":"Nonantibiotic macrolides prevent human neutrophil elastase-induced mucus stasis and airway surface liquid volume depletion","volume":"304","author":"Tarran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-007-0555-2","article-title":"Suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing systems by macrolides: a promising strategy or an oriental mystery?","volume":"13","author":"Tateda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00036709","article-title":"Defective macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD","volume":"35","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2015.02.003","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a novel non-antibiotic macrolide, EM900, on mucus secretion of airway epithelium","volume":"42","author":"Tojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.10.036","article-title":"Macrolactonolides: a novel class of anti-inflammatory compounds","volume":"21","author":"Toma\u0161kovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27743","DOI":"10.3402\/pba.v5.27743","article-title":"The emerging role of senescent cells in tissue homeostasis and pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Tominaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2014.09.005","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics for treatment of asthma in adults: a meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled clinical studies","volume":"31","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-019-0204-x","article-title":"Azithromycin, a 15-membered macrolide antibiotic, inhibits influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by interfering with virus internalization process","volume":"72","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02974-15","article-title":"Clarithromycin leads to long-term survival and cost benefit in ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis","volume":"60","author":"Tsaganos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1328348","article-title":"Azithromycin attenuates myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis development through proteasomal degradation of NOX4","volume":"13","author":"Tsubouchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00180","article-title":"Azithromycin, a lysosomotropic antibiotic, impairs fluid-phase pinocytosis in cultured fibroblasts","volume":"80","author":"Tyteca","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.12.047","article-title":"The oral administration of clarithromycin prevents the progression and rupture of aortic aneurysm","volume":"68","author":"Uchida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib269","first-page":"474","article-title":"Comparison of the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of two antibiotics: clarithromycin versus moxifloxacin","volume":"41","author":"Uehara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70019-0","article-title":"Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Uzun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70185-1","article-title":"Long-term azithromycin for Indigenous children with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic suppurative lung disease (Bronchiectasis Intervention Study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Valery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(95)02520-0","article-title":"Aminoglycoside antibiotics prevent the formation of non-bilayer structures in negatively-charged membranes. Comparative studies using fusogenic (bis(beta-diethylaminoethylether)hexestrol) and aggregating (spermine) agents","volume":"79","author":"van Bambeke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2011.06.006","article-title":"Azithromycin decreases MMP-9 expression in the airways of lung transplant recipients","volume":"25","author":"Verleden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L751","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90578.2008","article-title":"MMP9 modulates tight junction integrity and cell viability in human airway epithelia","volume":"296","author":"Vermeer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1208-6","article-title":"Treatment failure and hospital readmissions in severe COPD exacerbations treated with azithromycin versus placebo - a post-hoc analysis of the BACE randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Vermeersch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01576.x","article-title":"Azithromycin distinctively modulates classical activation of human monocytes in vitro","volume":"165","author":"Vran\u010di\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2018_85-42","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of EM900 on cultured human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"85","author":"Wakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.2008.S58","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides","volume":"54","author":"Wales","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1908","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics and survival in patients with acute lung injury","volume":"141","author":"Walkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib279a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1097-5","article-title":"Azithromycin promotes alternatively activated macrophage phenotype in systematic lupus erythematosus via P I3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.01.044","article-title":"Pediatric antibiotic prescribing in China according to the 2019 World Health Organization Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) antibiotic categories","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib281","series-title":"American Thoracic Society International Conference","article-title":"Azithromycin, a end-stage treatment for bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice?","author":"Willems","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1917-3","article-title":"Tight junctions in pulmonary epithelia during lung inflammation","volume":"469","author":"Wittekindt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70087-6","article-title":"Azithromycin for patients with frequent COPD exacerbations","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60953-2","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2010.492895","article-title":"Azithromycin reduces pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin mouse model","volume":"36","author":"Wuyts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06522-5","article-title":"Targeting of NLRP3 inflammasome with gene editing for the amelioration of inflammatory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01097.x","article-title":"Effect of macrolide antibiotics on macrophage functions","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib288","series-title":"Treatment of Cystic Firbosis and Other Rare Lung Diseases","first-page":"173","article-title":"Diffuse panbronchiolitis: long-term low-dose macrolide therapy","author":"Yamaya","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib289","article-title":"Mechanism of azithromycin in airway diseases","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib290","first-page":"4253","article-title":"Fourteen-membered ring macrolides as anti-angiogenic compounds","volume":"21","author":"Yatsunami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2017.1367458","article-title":"Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis and prognosis of respiratory tract diseases in childhood and adulthood","volume":"5","author":"Yuksel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00282402","article-title":"Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and -9 in bronchiectatic airways in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00302","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of macrolides-a systematic review of the underlying mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01772-05","article-title":"Rhamnolipids are virulence factors that promote early infiltration of primary human airway epithelia by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"74","author":"Zulianello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003169972400694X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003169972400694X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T12:36:18Z","timestamp":1740746178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003169972400694X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":299,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S003169972400694X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6997","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nonantimicrobial Actions of Macrolides: Overview and Perspectives for Future Development","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000300","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by The Author(s)","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}