{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:40:42Z","timestamp":1791916842882,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pharmrev.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T20:55:16Z","timestamp":1729544116000},"page":"100017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Pharmacological therapies for male infertility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Amarnath","family":"Rambhatla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupin","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germar-Michael","family":"Pinggera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taymour","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Widi","family":"Atmoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramadan","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Hamoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selahittin","family":"Cayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ates","family":"Kadioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-022-04071-7","article-title":"Prospective comparison of tadalafil 5 mg alone, silodosin 8 mg alone, and the combination of both in treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"40","author":"AbdelRazek","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12590","article-title":"Emerging insights into hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation and interaction with stress signaling","volume":"30","author":"Acevedo-Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib3","series-title":"Male Infertility","first-page":"57","article-title":"Oxidative stress and its association with male infertility","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220067","article-title":"Impact of antioxidant therapy on natural pregnancy outcomes and semen parameters in infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200196","article-title":"Utility of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility: clinical guidelines based on a systematic review and analysis of evidence","volume":"39","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.190055","article-title":"Male oxidative stress infertility (MOSI): proposed terminology and clinical practice guidelines for management of idiopathic male infertility","volume":"37","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1075-3","article-title":"Improvement of semen parameters after antibiotic therapy in asymptomatic infertile men infected with Mycoplasma genitalium","volume":"46","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13644","article-title":"Are antioxidants a viable treatment option for male infertility?","volume":"53","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00065-2","article-title":"Reversibility of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Lessons from a rare disease","volume":"12","author":"Anawalt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2000.00358.x","article-title":"Effects of long-term treatment with human pure follicle-stimulating hormone on semen parameters and sperm-cell ultrastructure in idiopathic oligoteratoasthenozoospermia","volume":"32","author":"Arnaldi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility","volume":"8","author":"Attia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1023413","article-title":"The first-line antituberculosis drugs, and their fixed-dose combination induced abnormal sperm morphology and histological lesions in the testicular cells of male mice","volume":"10","author":"Bakare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.06.025","article-title":"Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: physiological and clinical implications","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03253-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management","volume":"77","author":"Barati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0843-y","article-title":"The use of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for the treatment of the infertile man: position statement from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS)","volume":"41","author":"Barbonetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.05.037","article-title":"Outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia due to maturation arrest","volume":"104","author":"Bernie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib17","first-page":"474","article-title":"The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age","volume":"132","author":"Berry","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.02.010","article-title":"Autocrine\/paracrine regulation of pituitary function by activin, inhibin and follistatin","volume":"225","author":"Bilezikjian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0541-6","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism","volume":"40","author":"Bonomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20663","article-title":"Establishing normal reference ranges for prostate volume change with age in the population-based Krimpen-study: prediction of future prostate volume in individual men","volume":"67","author":"Bosch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05325.x","article-title":"Testicular size in infertile men: relationship to semen characteristics and hormonal blood levels","volume":"64","author":"Bujan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4650182","article-title":"Conservative non-hormonal options for the treatment of male infertility: antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antioxidants","volume":"2017","author":"Calogero","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1615057","article-title":"Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulators for the treatment of male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Cannarella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_42_19","article-title":"FSH dosage effect on conventional sperm parameters: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"22","author":"Cannarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12333","article-title":"Short-term FSH treatment and sperm maturation: a prospective study in idiopathic infertile men","volume":"5","author":"Casamonti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200213095737","article-title":"Administration of pharmaceutical agents prior to testicular sperm extraction procedures: a meaningful or meaningless approach?","volume":"27","author":"Cayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00107.x","article-title":"Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Chua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S367","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.03.25","article-title":"Update on male reproductive endocrinology","volume":"7","author":"Clavijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab030","article-title":"An inhibitory circuit from brainstem to GnRH neurons in male mice: a new role for the RFRP receptor","volume":"162","author":"Constantin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib30","first-page":"106","article-title":"Exogenous testosterone: a preventable cause of male infertility","volume":"2","author":"Crosnoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib31","first-page":"9","article-title":"Medical treatment of male infertility","volume":"3","author":"Dabaja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13480","article-title":"Effect of oestrogen modulation on semen parameters in men with secondary hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"de Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_101_19","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials implementing aromatase inhibitors to treat male infertility","volume":"22","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02127-y","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a review","volume":"46","author":"Delli Paoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13262","article-title":"Understanding and treating ejaculatory dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0918-3678","article-title":"Review of dancing parasites in lymphatic filariasis","volume":"5","author":"Dietrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Int Open"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.05.10","article-title":"Epidemiology of delayed ejaculation","volume":"5","author":"Di Sante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000230","article-title":"Interactions between prolactin and kisspeptin to control reproduction","volume":"60","author":"Donato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib39","first-page":"287","article-title":"Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with preservation of ejaculation","volume":"144","author":"Donohue","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010167","article-title":"Antioxidant paradox in male infertility: \u201cA Blind Eye\u201d on inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Dutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib41","first-page":"679","article-title":"The efficacy of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of various types of male factor infertility at a single university hospital","volume":"30","author":"Efesoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib42","first-page":"456","article-title":"Filarial orchitis: a cause of male infertility in the tropics--case report from Nigeria","volume":"35","author":"Ekwere","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01359-6","article-title":"Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and chromosomal aberrations: clinical heterogeneity and implications on the health of elderly men, case series","volume":"23","author":"Elhadd","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12521","article-title":"The impact of vitamin E supplementation on semen parameters and pregnancy rates after varicocelectomy: a randomised controlled study","volume":"48","author":"Enert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020275","article-title":"Management of male fertility in hypogonadal patients on testosterone replacement therapy","volume":"60","author":"Fink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib46","article-title":"The use of hormone stimulation in male infertility","volume":"68","author":"Foran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharma"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(Sup01)09","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism revisited","volume":"68","author":"Fraietta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1037-z","article-title":"FSH treatment in infertile males candidate to assisted reproduction improved sperm DNA fragmentation and pregnancy rate","volume":"56","author":"Garolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00213-6","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.01.117","article-title":"Combination clomiphene citrate and antioxidant therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"93","author":"Ghanem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-022-04196-9","article-title":"Association of nerve-sparing grading in robotic radical prostatectomy and trifecta outcome","volume":"40","author":"G\u00f6rgen","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.852661","article-title":"The role of testosterone in spermatogenesis: lessons from proteome profiling of human spermatozoa in testosterone deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Grande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883221119064","article-title":"Association of probiotic treatment with antibiotics in male accessory gland infections","volume":"16","author":"Grande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib53","first-page":"1700","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pain pelvic syndrome and male infertility","volume":"13","author":"Graziani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00211","article-title":"Male hypogonadism and disorders of sex development","volume":"11","author":"Grinspon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13723","article-title":"Hypogonadism and male obesity: focus on unresolved questions","volume":"89","author":"Grossmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-023-00193-z","article-title":"Viruses, bacteria and parasites: infection of the male genital tract and fertility","volume":"33","author":"Guiton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13185","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of letrozole or anastrozole in the treatment of male infertility with low testosterone-estradiol ratio: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-1065-2","article-title":"Tamoxifen is a potent antioxidant modulator for sperm quality in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenospermia","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13207","article-title":"Therapeutic options in male genital tract inflammation","volume":"51","author":"Haidl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03746.x","article-title":"What is the optimal therapy for young males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?","volume":"72","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2021.1942414","article-title":"Long-term consequences of sexually transmitted infections on men's sexual function: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Henkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.4","article-title":"Treatment of the hypogonadal infertile male \u2013 a review","volume":"1","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2022.2043272","article-title":"What must be considered when prescribing hormonal pharmacotherapy for male infertility?","volume":"23","author":"Holtermann Entwistle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13388","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate for male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Huijben","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13146","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate for men with hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huijben","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010021","article-title":"Treatment of men with central hypogonadism: alternatives for testosterone replacement therapy","volume":"22","author":"Ide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2017.04.002","article-title":"Filariasis orchitis-differential for acute scrotum pathology","volume":"13","author":"Janssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.019","article-title":"The management of retrograde ejaculation: a systematic review and update","volume":"97","author":"Jefferys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib69","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumor with nerve sparing for ejaculation","volume":"139","author":"Jewett","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2014.41.3.108","article-title":"Empirical medical therapy in idiopathic male infertility: promise or panacea?","volume":"41","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2016.34.3.165","article-title":"Treatment of leukocytospermia in male infertility: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04766-5","article-title":"The role of oral antioxidants in the improvement of sperm parameters in infertile men","volume":"42","author":"Kallinikas","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2002.00379.x","article-title":"Update on medical treatment of ejaculatory disorders","volume":"25","author":"Kamischke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.018","article-title":"The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: tales of mice and men","volume":"86","author":"Kaprara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2023.2218566","article-title":"Are sexually transmitted infections associated with male infertility? A systematic review and in-depth evaluation of the evidence and mechanisms of action of 11 pathogens","volume":"21","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S353","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.04.03","article-title":"Frontiers in hormone therapy for male infertility","volume":"7","author":"Khourdaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14379","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of factors affecting sperm retrieval with microscopic testicular sperm extraction in infertile men with Klinefelter syndrome: a multicentre study","volume":"54","author":"K\u0131z\u0131lay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-6-1081","article-title":"Treatment of severe oligospermia with human chorionic gonadotropin\/human menopausal gonadotropin: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"65","author":"Knuth","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib80","first-page":"973","article-title":"Empirical medical therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a survey of the American Urological Association","volume":"187","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.42624","article-title":"Reproductive tract tuberculosis and male infertility","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib82","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Drug therapy for idiopathic male infertility: rationale versus evidence","volume":"176","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib83","first-page":"219","article-title":"Semen alterations and flow-citometry evaluation in patients with male accessory gland infections","volume":"35","author":"La Vignera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01200.x","article-title":"Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review)","volume":"34","author":"La Vignera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000342496","article-title":"Gonadotropin resistance","volume":"24","author":"Latronico","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S348","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.04.11","article-title":"Indications for the use of human chorionic gonadotropic hormone for the management of infertility in hypogonadal men","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib87","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Prostate volume changes over time: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"182","author":"Loeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111334","article-title":"Genetics of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-human and mouse genes, inheritance, oligogenicity, and genetic counseling","volume":"534","author":"Louden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2017.11.013","article-title":"Systematic review of antioxidant types and doses in male infertility: benefits on semen parameters, advanced sperm function, assisted reproduction and live-birth rate","volume":"16","author":"Majzoub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.193568","article-title":"Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy is associated with earlier spermatogenesis compared to combined gonadotropin therapy in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.145072","article-title":"Reversal of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a cohort study in Chinese patients","volume":"17","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12336","article-title":"The association of a probiotic with a prebiotic (Flortec, Bracco) to improve the quality\/quantity of spermatozoa in infertile patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Maretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.173938","article-title":"Recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy or anabolic-androgenic steroid use","volume":"18","author":"McBride","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12300","article-title":"Prednisone treatment in infertile patients with oligozoospermia and accessory gland inflammatory alterations","volume":"5","author":"Milardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0013","article-title":"The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.954","article-title":"Ejaculatory dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Mostafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0228-9","article-title":"Urogenital tuberculosis - epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features","volume":"16","author":"Muneer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2023.12.021","article-title":"Medications mostly associated with ejaculatory disorders: assessment of the Eudra-Vigilance and Food and Drug Administration pharmacovigilance databases entries","volume":"185","author":"Nacchia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib98","series-title":"An Introduction to Male Reproductive Medicine","first-page":"29","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the male","author":"Niederberger","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.9.2293","article-title":"The outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in patients with retrograde ejaculation","volume":"14","author":"Nikolettos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0005","article-title":"Kisspeptin signaling in the brain","volume":"30","author":"Oakley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1999.00165.x","article-title":"Imipramine for successful treatment of retrograde ejaculation caused by retroperitoneal surgery","volume":"22","author":"Ochsenk\u00fchn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.06.05","article-title":"Retrograde ejaculation, painful ejaculation and hematospermia","volume":"5","author":"Parnham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00934-1","article-title":"Gonadotropins treatment prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia: a single-center cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-015-0021-4","article-title":"Successful pregnancies and healthy live births using frozen-thawed sperm retrieved by a new modified Hotchkiss procedure in males with retrograde ejaculation: first case series","volume":"25","author":"Philippon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib104","series-title":"Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects","first-page":"163","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib105","first-page":"624","article-title":"Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility","volume":"167","author":"Raman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib106","first-page":"557","article-title":"Effect of Natesto on reproductive hormones, semen parameters and hypogonadal symptoms: a single center, open label, single arm trial","volume":"204","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib107","first-page":"41","article-title":"Ejaculatory physiology and pathophysiology: assessment and treatment in male infertility","volume":"3","author":"Revenig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20754","article-title":"Ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in the fetal and postnatal testis: its relevance on Sertoli cell maturation and the onset of adult spermatogenesis","volume":"72","author":"Rey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000001081","article-title":"Evaluation and management of male genital tract infections in the setting of male infertility: an updated review","volume":"33","author":"Rivero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.40.857","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of cabergoline and bromocriptine on prolactin levels in hyperprolactinemic patients","volume":"40","author":"Sabuncu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy057","article-title":"The effect of nutrients and dietary supplements on sperm quality parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib112","series-title":"EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health","author":"Salonia","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0087-y","article-title":"Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism","volume":"5","author":"Salonia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib114","series-title":"Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction","first-page":"687","article-title":"Primary and secondary hypogonadism","author":"Santi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib115","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action on spermatogenesis: a focus on physiological and therapeutic roles","volume":"9","author":"Santi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12182236","article-title":"Sperm concentration improvement may be a parameter predicting efficacy of FSH therapy of male idiopathic infertility","volume":"12","author":"Santi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.09.021","article-title":"The effect of aromatase inhibitor letrozole on body mass index, serum hormones, and sperm parameters in infertile men","volume":"95","author":"Saylam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001521","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA\/ASRM guideline part I","volume":"205","author":"Schlegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA\/ASRM guideline part II","volume":"115","author":"Schlegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54730-X","article-title":"Comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin therapy in male patients with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism","volume":"56","author":"Schopohl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib122","first-page":"339","article-title":"Urogenital infection as a risk factor for male infertility","volume":"114","author":"Schuppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12366","article-title":"The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review","volume":"5","author":"Semet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib124","first-page":"10","article-title":"Endocrinopathies and male infertility","volume":"12","author":"Sengupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib125","series-title":"Anatomy, Vasculature, Innervation and Fluids of the Male Reproductive Tract","author":"Setchell","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.638628","article-title":"Effectiveness of pharmacological intervention among men with infertility: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Shahid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-014-0193-1","article-title":"Hormonal therapy for non-obstructive azoospermia: basic and clinical perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der404","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"27","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2809","article-title":"Reversal and relapse of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Resilience and fragility of the reproductive neuroendocrine system","volume":"99","author":"Sidhoum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew167","article-title":"Treatment with human, recombinant FSH improves sperm DNA fragmentation in idiopathic infertile men depending on the FSH receptor polymorphism p.N680S: a pharmacogenetic study","volume":"31","author":"Simoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib131","article-title":"Antioxidants for male subfertility","volume":"3","author":"Smits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2592","article-title":"Improvement of seminal parameters with prelox\u00ae: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"23","author":"Stanislavov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phyther Res"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib133","series-title":"Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism","author":"Surampudi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib134","first-page":"416","article-title":"Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology: II. Correlation of testicular size with testicular function","volume":"137","author":"Takihara","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac016","article-title":"Does hormonal therapy improve sperm retrieval rates in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Tharakan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","article-title":"Fertility and infertility: definition and epidemiology","volume":"62","author":"Vander Borght","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30377-8","article-title":"Letrozole versus testosterone for promotion of endogenous puberty in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"3","author":"Varimo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.12.2536","article-title":"Effectiveness and limits of antimicrobial treatment on seminal leukocyte concentration and related reactive oxygen species production in patients with male accessory gland infection","volume":"15","author":"Vicari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01131.x","article-title":"Therapy with human chorionic gonadotrophin alone induces spermatogenesis in men with isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism--long-term follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Vicari","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12456","article-title":"Effect of levofloxacin treatment on semen hyperviscosity in chronic bacterial prostatitis patients","volume":"48","author":"Vicari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib142","first-page":"343","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E on semen quality parameters: a meta-analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib143","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Infertility prevalence estimates, 1990-2021. Geneva: World Health Organization;\u00a02023."},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.12.04","article-title":"Genital tuberculosis: current status of diagnosis and management","volume":"6","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138513","article-title":"Retrograde ejaculation","volume":"9","author":"Yavetz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00116","article-title":"Clinical management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"40","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00227-0","article-title":"Hormone substitution in male hypogonadism","volume":"161","author":"Zitzmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699724116171?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699724116171?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T03:09:56Z","timestamp":1743217796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031699724116171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031699724116171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6997","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacological therapies for male infertility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100017"}}