{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:24:51Z","timestamp":1775708691094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5845","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer\u2014the movement of genes between distantly related organisms\u2014is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. However, the presence of endosymbionts, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia pipientis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. We therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria to their hosts. We found and confirmed transfers into the genomes of four insect and four nematode species that range from nearly the entire\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome (&gt;1 megabase) to short (&lt;500 base pairs) insertions. Potential\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -to-host transfers were also detected computationally in three additional sequenced insect genomes. We also show that some of these inserted\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes are transcribed within eukaryotic cells lacking endosymbionts. Therefore, heritable lateral gene transfer occurs into eukaryotic hosts from their prokaryote symbionts, potentially providing a mechanism for acquisition of new genes and functions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,30]],"date-time":"2007-08-30T21:15:10Z","timestamp":1188508510000},"page":"1753-1756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":673,"title":["Widespread Lateral Gene Transfer from Intracellular Bacteria to Multicellular Eukaryotes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Julie C. Dunning","family":"Hotopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Deodoro C. S. G.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Mo\u0301nica C. Mun\u0303oz","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Giebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Nadeeza","family":"Ishmael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Shiliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Rahul V.","family":"Nene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Tomkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Spiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Ghedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Barton E.","family":"Slatko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"Herve\u0301","family":"Tettelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Werren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs Incorporated, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA."},{"name":"Clemson University Genomics Institute, 304 BRC, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/124.2.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/20601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-4539-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01494-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.53.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222228199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2005-6-3-r23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"225","volume":"2","year":"1993","unstructured":"B. C. Campbell, J. D. Steffen-Campbell, J. H. Werren, Insect Mol. Biol.2, 225 (1993).","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00014449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00010622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X99000426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"The D. ananassae BAC 01L18 sequence is deposited in GenBank (EF426679); the D. ananassae sequence comparisons from the four lines are deposited in GenBank (EF611872 to EF611985); the D. ananassae RACE sequence is deposited in dbEST (46867557) and GenBank (ES659088); the Nasonia sequences are deposited in GenBank (EF588824 to EF588901); the Brugia malayi contigs are available in GenBank (DS237653 DS238272 DS238705 DS239028 DS239057 DS239291 DS239377 and DS239315); the Brugia malayi scaffolds are available in GenBank (AAQA01000958 AAQA01000097 AAQA01001500 AAQA01000425 AAQA01001819 AAQA01001498 AAQA01000384 AAQA01001952 AAQA01000736 AAQA01000571 and AAQA01000369); and the microarray primers sequences that were used for RT-PCR are deposited in ArrayExpress (A-TIGR-28). This work was supported by an NSF grant to J.H.W. and H.T. a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant to E.G. and New England Biolabs Incorporated support to B.E.S."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1142490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:30:54Z","timestamp":1704861054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1142490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5845","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1142490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1142490","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1090863.551935","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1090863.544207","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,21]]}}}