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Depending on the population structure, which was varied by forming groups with different initial compositions, an apparently paradoxical situation could be attained in which nonproducers grew faster within each group, yet producers increased overall. We show that a simple way to generate the variance required for this effect is through stochastic fluctuations via population bottlenecks. The synthetic approach described here thus provides a way to study generic mechanisms of natural selection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T17:35:33Z","timestamp":1231436133000},"page":"272-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Simpson's Paradox in a Synthetic Microbial System"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"323","author":[{"given":"John S.","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies in Physics and Biology and Laboratory of Living Matter, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rivoire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies in Physics and Biology and Laboratory of Living Matter, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanislas","family":"Leibler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies in Physics and Biology and Laboratory of Living Matter, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1086\/497114","volume":"97","year":"1963","unstructured":"W. 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Levels of Selection in Evolution (Princeton Univ. Press Princeton NJ 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227520a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"We are grateful to C. Bargmann C. Guet L. Keller E. Kussell R. Losick and A. Murray for comments on the manuscript and members of our laboratory for advice and discussion. We also thank the Yale Coli Genetic Stock Center and the National BioResource Project (NIG Japan) for strains and the Rockefeller Flow Cytometry Resource Center for help. J.S.C. was partly supported by a NIH fellowship and O.R. by a Human Frontier Science Program fellowship."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1166739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:00:25Z","timestamp":1704859225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1166739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5911","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1166739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1166739","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.720190386.793512442","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]}}}