{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T20:35:44Z","timestamp":1772915744110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6011","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Few But Powerful<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Drug activation of the different types of acetylcholine receptors in cholinergic neurons often generates opposing or conflicting effects. Using optogenetic techniques in transgenic mice,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Witten\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"1677\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"330\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1193771\">1677<\/jats:related-article>\n                    ) investigated the function of a rather enigmatic subpopulation of cholinergic neurons, the giant interneurons of the nucleus accumbens. Their excitation paradoxically reduced neighboring medium spiny neuron firing, while their inhibition increased medium spiny neuron firing. Furthermore, the giant interneurons were directly activated by cocaine, and silencing their drug-induced activity during cocaine exposure in freely behaving animals disrupted cocaine reward.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,16]],"date-time":"2010-12-16T15:20:45Z","timestamp":1292512845000},"page":"1677-1681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":396,"title":["Cholinergic Interneurons Control Local Circuit Activity and Cocaine Conditioning"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"330","author":[{"given":"Ilana B.","family":"Witten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Brodsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilka","family":"Diester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Anikeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Gradinaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charu","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Deisseroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."},{"name":"CNC program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2009.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5357.1714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/34413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03969.1994","article-title":"Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate\u2019s striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning","volume":"14","author":"Aosaki T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aosaki T., et al.., Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate\u2019s striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning. 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