{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:46:51Z","timestamp":1779396411526,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6096","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Ditching Invading DNA<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bacteria and archaea protect themselves from invasive foreign nucleic acids through an RNA-mediated adaptive immune system called CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)\/CRISPR-associated (Cas).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Jinek\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"816\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"337\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1225829\">816<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 28 June; see the Perspective by\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6096\" page=\"808\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"337\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1227253\">Brouns<\/jats:related-article>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    ) found that for the type II CRISPR\/Cas system, the CRISPR RNA (crRNA) as well as the trans-activating crRNA\u2014which is known to be involved in the pre-crRNA processing\u2014were both required to direct the Cas9 endonuclease to cleave the invading target DNA. Furthermore, engineered RNA molecules were able to program the Cas9 endonuclease to cleave specific DNA sequences to generate double-stranded DNA breaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T01:45:12Z","timestamp":1340934312000},"page":"816-821","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15243,"title":["A Programmable Dual-RNA\u2013Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Jinek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Chylinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria."},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Ume\u00e5 Centre for Microbial Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-90187 Ume\u00e5, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Fonfara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Ume\u00e5 Centre for Microbial Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-90187 Ume\u00e5, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Doudna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), 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