{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1777089267417,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6106","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Cause or Correlation?<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Three centuries ago, Bishop Berkeley's 1710 classic \u201cA treatise on the nature of human knowledge,\u201d first spelled out the \u201ccorrelation vs. causation\u201d dilemma.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Sugihara\n                      <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (p.\n                    <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"496\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"338\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1227079\">496<\/jats:related-article>\n                    , published online 20 September) present an approach to this conundrum, and extend current discussions about causation to dynamic systems with weak to moderate coupling (such as ecosystems). The resulting method, convergent cross mapping can detect causal linkages between time series.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T01:20:41Z","timestamp":1348190441000},"page":"496-500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2087,"title":["Detecting Causality in Complex Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"338","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Sugihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA."}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK."}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA."}]},{"given":"Chih-hao","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan."}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Deyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA."}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fogarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA."}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Munch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"G. 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