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Nevertheless, the integration of microcomponents, especially the assembly of actuators and mechanical components, is still time-consuming and has inherent restrictions, thus limiting efficient fabrications of microrobots and their potential applications. Here, we propose a method for fabricating microrobots in situ inspired by the construction of microsystems in living organisms. In a microfluidic chip, hydrogel mechanical components and artificial muscle actuators are successively photopatterned from hydrogel prepolymer and biomolecular motors, respectively, and integrated in situ into functional microrobots. The proposed method allows the fast fabrication of microrobots through simple operations and affordable materials while providing versatile functions through the precise spatiotemporal control of in situ integration and reconfiguration of artificial muscles. To validate the method, we fabricated microrobots to elicit different motions and on-chip robots with unique characteristics for microfluidic applications. This study may establish a new paradigm for microrobot integration and lead to the production of unique biohybrid microrobots with various advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aba8212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T17:58:06Z","timestamp":1661363886000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["In situ integrated microrobots driven by artificial muscles built from biomolecular motors"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8866-8851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-080X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Nitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Course, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0237-081X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Hiratsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-3900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Morishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan."},{"name":"Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903406116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20164f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abe3950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25582-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-060117-104947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0024-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2020.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2626-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"385","article-title":"Micro-grippers with femtosecond-laser machined in-plane agonist-antagonist SMA actuators integrated on wafer-level by galvanic riveting","volume":"1","author":"Garc\u00e9s-Schr\u00f6der M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. 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