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Here, we calculate the automation risk of almost 1000 existing occupations by quantitatively assessing to what extent robotics and AI abilities can replace human abilities required for those jobs. Furthermore, we introduce a method to find, for any occupation, alternatives that maximize the reduction in automation risk while minimizing the retraining effort. We apply the method to the U.S. workforce composition and show that it could substantially reduce the workers\u2019 automation risk, while the associated retraining effort would be moderate. Governments could use the proposed method to evaluate the unemployment risk of their populations and to adjust educational policies. Robotics companies could use it as a tool to better understand market needs, and members of the public could use it to identify the easiest route to reposition themselves on the job market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abg5561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T17:56:34Z","timestamp":1649872594000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["How to compete with robots by assessing job automation risks and resilient alternatives"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-1254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Paolillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Station 11, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-1664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, Unicentre, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2969-4478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"Nosengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Station 11, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9472-5381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Station 11, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-9147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Station 11, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-4647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Davide","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Station 11, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-8674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Futures Lab, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, Unicentre, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1938-692X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael","family":"Lalive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, Unicentre, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5330-4863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dario","family":"Floreano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Station 11, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"K. 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