{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T03:51:48Z","timestamp":1775965908294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"70","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Oral drug delivery of proteins is limited by the degradative environment of the gastrointestinal tract and poor absorption, requiring parenteral administration of these drugs. Luminal mucus represents the initial steric and dynamic barrier to absorption. To overcome this barrier, we report the development of the RoboCap, an orally ingestible, robotic drug delivery capsule that locally clears the mucus layer, enhances luminal mixing, and topically deposits the drug payload in the small intestine to enhance drug absorption. RoboCap\u2019s mucus-clearing and churning movements are facilitated by an internal motor and by surface features that interact with small intestinal plicae circulares, villi, and mucus. Vancomycin (1.4 kilodaltons of glycopeptide) and insulin (5.8 kilodaltons of peptide) delivery mediated by RoboCap resulted in enhanced bioavailability 20- to 40-fold greater in ex vivo and in vivo swine models when compared with standard oral delivery (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Further, insulin delivery via the RoboCap resulted in therapeutic hypoglycemia, supporting its potential to facilitate oral delivery of drugs that are normally precluded by absorption limitations.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abp9066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T17:58:13Z","timestamp":1664387893000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["RoboCap: Robotic mucus-clearing capsule for enhanced drug delivery in the gastrointestinal tract"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2508-1324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shriya S.","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"David H.\u00a0Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8813-2531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amro","family":"Alshareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"David H.\u00a0Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9280-8394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandria V.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"David H.\u00a0Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-6308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ziliang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kuosmanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David H.\u00a0Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, 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Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"given":"Wiam Abdalla Mohammed","family":"Madani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"David H.\u00a0Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-4978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jochen","family":"Lennerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9581-8563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA."},{"name":"David H.\u00a0Koch 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