{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T03:50:11Z","timestamp":1775965811629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"70","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous robots\u2014systems where mechanical actuators are guided through a series of states by information processing units to perform a predesigned function\u2014are expected to revolutionize everything from health care to transportation. Microscopic robots are poised for a similar revolution in fields from medicine to environmental remediation. A key hurdle to developing these microscopic robots is the integration of information systems, particularly electronics fabricated at commercial foundries, with microactuators. Here, we develop such an integration process and build microscopic robots controlled by onboard complementary metal oxide semiconductor electronics. The resulting autonomous, untethered robots are 100 to 250 micrometers in size, are powered by light, and walk at speeds greater than 10 micrometers per second. In addition, we demonstrate a microscopic robot that can respond to an optical command. This work paves the way for ubiquitous autonomous microscopic robots that perform complex functions, respond to their environments, and communicate with the outside world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abq2296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T17:58:06Z","timestamp":1663783086000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Microscopic robots with onboard digital control"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4205-611X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-6718","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandro J.","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1522-5347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8131-6848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhangqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."},{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9750-7224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunwoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."}]},{"given":"Marc Z.","family":"Miskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-1874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alyosha C.","family":"Molnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA."},{"name":"Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 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