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Here, we photolithographically patterned a microscale zinc\/platinum\/SU-8 system to generate the highest energy density microbattery at the picoliter (10<jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup>liter) scale. The device scavenges ambient or solution-dissolved oxygen for a zinc oxidation reaction, achieving an energy density ranging from 760 to 1070 watt-hours per liter at scales below 100 micrometers lateral and 2 micrometers thickness in size. The parallel nature of photolithography processes allows 10,000 devices per wafer to be released into solution as colloids with energy stored on board. Within a volume of only 2 picoliters each, these primary microbatteries can deliver open circuit voltages of 1.05 \u00b1 0.12 volts, with total energies ranging from 5.5 \u00b1 0.3 to 7.7 \u00b1 1.0 microjoules and a maximum power near 2.7 nanowatts. We demonstrated that such systems can reliably power a micrometer-sized memristor circuit, providing access to nonvolatile memory. We also cycled power to drive the reversible bending of microscale bimorph actuators at 0.05 hertz for mechanical functions of colloidal robots. Additional capabilities, such as powering two distinct nanosensor types and a clock circuit, were also demonstrated. The high energy density, low volume, and simple configuration promise the mass fabrication and adoption of such picoliter zinc-air batteries for micrometer-scale, colloidal robotics with autonomous functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.ade4642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T17:58:23Z","timestamp":1723658303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High energy density picoliter-scale zinc-air microbatteries for colloidal robotics"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-8987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-9544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sungyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8180-7452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0686-8639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Gonzalez-Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA."}]},{"given":"Marc Z.","family":"Miskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA."}]},{"given":"Volodymyr B.","family":"Koman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2619-108X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuwen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"given":"Sylvia Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5096-7522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Kuehne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8854-5854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert Tianxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA."}]},{"given":"Allan M.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-7300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, 342030, India."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-808X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Strano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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