{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:12:03Z","timestamp":1781151123089,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"90","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Garnering inspiration from biological compound eyes, artificial vision systems boasting a vivid range of diverse visual functional traits have come to the fore recently. However, most of these artificial systems rely on transformable electronics, which suffer from the complexity and constrained geometry of global deformation, as well as potential mismatches between optical and detector units. Here, we present a unique pinhole compound eye that combines a three-dimensionally printed honeycomb optical structure with a hemispherical, all-solid-state, high-density perovskite nanowire photodetector array. The lens-free pinhole structure can be designed and fabricated with an arbitrary layout to match the underlying image sensor. Optical simulations and imaging results matched well with each other and substantiated the key characteristics and capabilities of our system, which include an ultrawide field of view, accurate target positioning, and motion tracking function. We further demonstrate the potential of our unique compound eye for advanced robotic vision by successfully completing a moving target tracking mission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adi8666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T17:59:00Z","timestamp":1715795940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["An ultrawide field-of-view pinhole compound eye using hemispherical nanowire array for robot vision"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7233-4649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0869-3337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhibo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-8437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yucheng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-6170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengnan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-5187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1758-3647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang Bryan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8973-7409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhu\u2019an","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenghao","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-8804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Swapnadeep","family":"Poddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7135-3063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shivam","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chak Lam Jonathan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4464-0099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-4896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beitao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2317-4383","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qianpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoi-Sing","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-3209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitch Guijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"Division of Integrative Systems and Design, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-0129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China."},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. F. Land D.-E. Nilsson Animal Eyes (Oxford Univ. Press ed. 2 2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199581139.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Kirschfeld The resolution of lens and compound eyes in Neural Principles in Vision F. Zettler R. Weiler Eds. (Springer 1976) pp. 354\u2013370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66432-8_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Floreano J.-C. Zufferey M. V. Srinivasan C. Ellington Flying Insects and Robots (Springer 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89393-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200601946"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b20740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33072-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201400175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517953113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4971334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b21008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26606-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219068110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0304-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01926-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-021-00600-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00789-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/10\/2\/026003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abl6334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b04587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b02101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-022-00978-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c02795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202201735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37581-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2285-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq8432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00388-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202100091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12070847"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.002013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.460636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00799-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01521-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2005.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140100268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1983.0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.22.3397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.01.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2010.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00243400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0081-2"}],"container-title":["Science Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adi8666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T17:59:49Z","timestamp":1715795989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adi8666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"90","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/scirobotics.adi8666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adi8666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9476","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadi8666"}}