{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:52:41Z","timestamp":1781596361444,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"100","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rehabilitation robotics aims to promote activity-dependent reorganization of the nervous system. However, people with paralysis cannot generate sufficient activity during robot-assisted rehabilitation and, consequently, do not benefit from these therapies. Here, we developed an implantable spinal cord neuroprosthesis operating in a closed loop to promote robust activity during walking and cycling assisted by robotic devices. This neuroprosthesis is device agnostic and designed for seamless implementation by nonexpert users. Preliminary evaluations in participants with paralysis showed that the neuroprosthesis enabled well-organized patterns of muscle activity during robot-assisted walking and cycling. A proof-of-concept study suggested that robot-assisted rehabilitation augmented by the neuroprosthesis promoted sustained neurological improvements. Moreover, the neuroprosthesis augmented recreational walking and cycling activities outdoors. Future clinical trials will have to confirm these findings in a broader population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adn5564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T17:58:21Z","timestamp":1741802301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Augmenting rehabilitation robotics with spinal cord neuromodulation: A proof of concept"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-0091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Hankov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL\/CHUV\/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-4291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Caban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Biorobotics Laboratory, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"ONWARD Medical, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Demesmaeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL\/CHUV\/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9983-5706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margaux","family":"Roulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroX Institute and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL\/CHUV\/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2655-6213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salif","family":"Komi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroX Institute and Brain 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robot-assisted rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injury: A scoping review","volume":"51","author":"Stampacchia G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"G. 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