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Serving as an artificial brain and wirelessly regulating selective neural activation to initiate robot fin motion, a wireless frequency multiplexing bioelectronic device is used to control the robot. Frequency multiplexing bioelectronics enables the control of the robot locomotion speed and direction by modulating the flapping of the robot fins through the wireless motor innervation of cardiac muscles. The robots demonstrated an average locomotion speed of ~0.52 \u00b1 0.22 millimeters per second, fin-flapping frequency up to 2.0 hertz, and turning locomotion path curvature of ~0.11 \u00b1 0.04 radians per millimeter. These systems will contribute to the expansion of biohybrid machines into the brain-to-motor frontier for developing autonomous biohybrid systems capable of advanced adaptive motor control and learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.ado0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T20:18:04Z","timestamp":1727295484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Wirelessly steerable bioelectronic neuromuscular robots adapting neurocardiac junctions"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-7032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tetsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Lansdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Research Strategy Office, Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, 1555 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2324-4101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuele","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iPrint Institute, HEIA-FR, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-6004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takaaki","family":"Hatanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Lansdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."},{"name":"Research Strategy Office, Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, 1555 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-3888","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pirrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iPrint Institute, HEIA-FR, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0864-6482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Su Ryon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Lansdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh0474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202202674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abe7577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.add1053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516139113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817682116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B612082B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat4440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar8580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz3194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3152102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2020.3004632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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