{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:24:15Z","timestamp":1782818655673,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"104","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchial foreign body aspiration is a life-threatening condition with a high incidence across diverse populations, requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment. However, the limited availability of skilled practitioners and advanced medical equipment in community clinics and underdeveloped regions underscores the broader challenges in emergency care. Here, we present a cost-effective robotic bronchoscope capable of computed tomography (CT)\u2013free, artificial intelligence (AI)\u2013driven foreign body search and doctor-collaborated removal over long distances via fifth-generation (5G) communication. The system is built around a low-cost (&lt;5000 USD), portable (&lt;2 kilograms) bronchoscope robotic platform equipped with a 3.3-millimeter-diameter catheter and 1-millimeter biopsy forceps designed for safe pulmonary search and foreign body removal. Our AI algorithm, which integrates classical data structures with modern machine learning techniques, enables thorough CT-free lung coverage. The tree structure is leveraged to memorize a compact exploration process and guide the decision-making. Both virtual and physical simulations demonstrate the system\u2019s effective autonomous foreign body search, minimizing bronchial wall contact to reduce patient discomfort. In a remote procedure, a physician in Hangzhou successfully retrieved a foreign body from a live pig located 1500 kilometers away in Chengdu using 5G communication, highlighting effective collaboration of AI, robotics, and human experts. We anticipate that this 5G-enabled, low-cost, AI expert\u2013collaborated robotic platform has notable potential to reduce medical disparities, enhance emergency care, improve patient outcomes, decrease physician workload, and streamline medical procedures through the automation of routine tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adt5338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T17:58:15Z","timestamp":1753898295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["AI search, physician removal: Bronchoscopy robot bridges collaboration in foreign body aspiration"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2937-0702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6115-1965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9390-6489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7757-2153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Humanoid Robot Innovation Center, Ningbo 315000, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6357-7419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9318-9014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1393-3040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haojian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4664-4587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-011-0386-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2022.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2022.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2304871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05202-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-21-1393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/med-22-39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","article-title":"Bronchoscopic treatment of thoracic malignancy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. 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