{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:19:51Z","timestamp":1773685191942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"106","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The current trend toward generalist robot behaviors with monolithic artificial intelligence (AI) models is unsustainable. I advocate for a paradigm shift that embraces distributed architectures for collective robotic intelligence. A modular \u201cmixture-of-robots\u201d approach with specialized interdependent components can achieve superlinear gains, offering benefits in scalability, adaptability, and learning complex interactive skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adv4049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T17:58:20Z","timestamp":1758736700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extending robot minds through collective learning"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7313-5983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda","family":"Prorok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955","volume":"27","author":"McCarthy J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, C. E. Shannon, A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine 27, 12\u201312 (2006).","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(00)00042-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2017.2721939"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"A. Murphy Paul The Extended Mind: The Power of Thinking Outside the Brain (Eamon Dolan Books 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"H. Critchlow Joined-Up Thinking: The Science of Collective Intelligence and Its Power to Change Our Lives (Hachette UK 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145463"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062041299"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.01004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"M. Wooldridge An Introduction to Multi-Agent Systems (Wiley 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bonabeau M. Dorigo G. Theraulaz Swarm Intelligence from Natural to Artificial Systems Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (Oxford Univ. Press 1999).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131581.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"D. Driess F. Xia M. S. M. Sajjadi C. Lynch A. Chowdhery B. Ichter A. Wahid J. Tompson Q. Vuong T. Yu W. Huang Y. Chebotar P. Sermanet D. Duckworth S. Levine V. Vanhoucke K. Hausman M. Toussaint K. Greff A. Zeng I. Mordatch P. Florence PaLM-E: An embodied multimodal language model. arXiv:2303.03378 [cs.LG] (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Open X-Embodiment Collaboration A. O\u2019Neill A. Rehman A. Gupta A. Maddukuri A. Gupta A. Padalkar A. Lee A. Pooley A. Gupta A. Mandlekar A. Jain A. Tung A. Bewley A. Herzog A. Irpan A. Khazatsky A. Rai A. Gupta A. Wang A. Kolobov A. Singh A. Garg A. Kembhavi A. Xie A. Brohan A. Raffin A. Sharma A. Yavary A. Jain A. Balakrishna A. Wahid B. Burgess-Limerick B. Kim B. Sch\u00f6lkopf B. Wulfe B. Ichter Cewu Lu C. Xu C. Le C. Finn C. Wang C. Xu C. Chi C. Huang C. Chan C. Agia C. Pan C. Fu C. Devin D. Xu D. Morton D. Driess D. Chen D. Pathak D. Shah D. B\u00fcchler D. Jayaraman D. Kalashnikov D. Sadigh E. Johns E. Foster F. Liu F. Ceola F. Xia F. Zhao F. Vieira Frujeri F. Stulp G. Zhou G. S. Sukhatme G. Salhotra G. Yan G Feng G. Schiavi G. Berseth G. Kahn G. Yang G. Wang H. Su H.-S. Fang H. Shi H. Bao H. Ben Amor H. I. Christensen H. Furuta H. Bharadhwaj H. Walke H. Fang H. Ha I. Mordatch I. Radosavovic I. Leal J. Liang J. Abou-Chakra J. Kim J. Drake J. Peters J. Schneider J. Hsu J. Vakil J. Bohg J. Bingham J. Wu J. Gao J. Hu J. Wu J. Wu J. Sun J. Luo J. Gu J. Tan J. Oh J. Wu J. Lu J. Yang J. Malik J. Silv\u00e9rio J. Hejna J. Booher J. Tompson J. Yang J. Salvador J. J. Lim J. Han K. Wang K. Rao K. Pertsch K. Hausman K. Go K. Gopalakrishnan K. Goldberg K. Byrne K. Oslund K. Kawaharazuka K. Black K. Lin K. Zhang K. Ehsani K. Lekkala K. Ellis K. Rana K. Srinivasan K. Fang K. Pratap Singh K.-H. Zeng K. Hatch K. Hsu L. Itti L. Y. Chen L. Pinto L. Fei-Fei L. Tan L. \u201cJ.\u201d Fan L. Ott L. Lee L. Weihs M. Chen M. Lepert M. Memmel M. Tomizuka M. Itkina M. Guaman Castro M. Spero M. Du M. Ahn M. C. Yip M. Zhang M. Ding M. Heo M. Kumar Srirama M. Sharma M. J. Kim N. Kanazawa N. Hansen N. Heess N. J. Joshi N. Suenderhauf N. Liu N. Di Palo N. M. Mahi Shafiullah O. Mees O. Kroemer O. Bastani P. R. Sanketi P. \u201cT.\u201d Miller P. Yin P. Wohlhart Peng Xu P. D. Fagan P. Mitrano P. Sermanet P. Abbeel P. Sundaresan Q. Chen Q. Vuong R. Rafailov R. Tian R. Doshi R. Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00edn R. Baijal R. Scalise R. Hendrix R. Lin R. Qian R. Zhang R. Mendonca R. Shah R. Hoque R. Julian S. Bustamante S. Kirmani S. Levine S. Lin S. Moore S. Bahl S. Dass S. Sonawani S. Tulsiani S. Song S. Xu S. Haldar S. Karamcheti S. Adebola S. Guist S. Nasiriany S. Schaal S. Welker S. Tian S. Ramamoorthy S. Dasari S. Belkhale S. Park S. Nair S. Mirchandani T. Osa T. Gupta T. Harada T. Matsushima T. Xiao T. Kollar T. Yu T. Ding T. Davchev T. Z. Zhao T. Armstrong T. Darrell T. Chung V. Jain V. Kumar V. Vanhoucke W. Zhan W. Zhou W. Burgard X. Chen X. Chen X. Wang X. Zhu X. Geng X. Liu X. Liangwei X. Li Y. Pang Y. Lu Y. J. Ma Y. Kim Y. Chebotar Y. Zhou Y. Zhu Y. Wu Y. Xu Y. Wang Y. Bisk Y. Dou Y. Cho Y. Lee Y. Cui Y. Cao Y.-H. Wu Y. Tang Y. Zhu Y. Zhang Y. Jiang Y. Li Y. Li Y. Iwasawa Y. Matsuo Z. Ma Z. Xu Z. J. Cui Z. Zhang Z. Fu Z. Lin Open X-Embodiment: Robotic learning datasets and RT-X models. arXiv:2310.08864 [cs.RO] (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"S. Levine K. Hausman \u201cThe global project to make a general robotic brain \u201d IEEE Spectrum 9 January 2024; https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/global-robotic-brain."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"J. Kaplan S. McCandlish T. Henighan T. B. Brown B. Chess R. Child S. Gray A. Radford J. Wu D. Amodei Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv:2001.08361 [cs.LG] (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"N. Shazeer A. Mirhoseini K. Maziarz A. Davis Q. Le G. Hinton J. Dean Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. arXiv:1701.06538 [cs.LG] (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"A. Prorok M. Malencia L. Carlone G. S Sukhatme B. M Sadler V. Kumar Beyond robustness: A taxonomy of approaches towards resilient multi-robot systems. arXiv:2109.12343 [cs.RO] (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"M. Bettini R. Kortvelesy A. Prorok \u201cControlling behavioral diversity in multi-agent reinforcement learning\u201d in Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) R. Salakhutdinov Z. Kolter K. Heller A. Weller N. Oliver J. Scarlett F. Berkenkamp Eds. vol. 235 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research (PMLR 2024) pp. 3611\u20133636."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"S. Dasari F. Ebert S. Tian S. Nair B. Bucher K. Schmeckpeper S. Singh S. Levine C. Finn Robonet: Large-scale multi-robot learning. arXiv:1910.11215 [cs.RO] (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2007.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3142402"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"S. V. Albrecht F. Christianos L. Sch\u00e4fer Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Foundations and Modern Approaches (MIT Press 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0197"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-022-00090-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Serra-G\u00f3mez B. Brito H. Zhu J. J. Chung J. Alonso-Mora \u201cWith whom to communicate: Learning efficient communication for multi-robot collision avoidance\u201d in 2020 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE 2020) pp. 11770\u201311776.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341762"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Li F. Gama A. Ribeiro A. Prorok \u201cGraph neural networks for decentralized multi-robot path planning\u201d in 2020 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE 2020) pp. 11785\u201311792.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341668"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"R. Doshi H. Walke O. Mees S. Dasari S. Levine \u201cScaling cross-embodied learning: One policy for manipulation navigation locomotion and aviation\u201d in Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL) P. Agrawal O. Kroemer W. Burgard Eds. vol. 270 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research (PMLR 2024) pp. 496\u2013512."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"M. Oquab T. Darcet T. Moutakanni H. V. Vo M. Szafraniec V. Khalidov P. Fernandez D. Haziza F. Massa A. El-Nouby R. Howes P.-Y. Huang H. Xu V. Sharma S.-W. Li W. Galuba M. Rabbat M. Assran N. Ballas G. Synnaeve I. Misra Herve Jegou J. Mairal P. Labatut A. Joulin P. Bojanowski Dinov2: Learning robust visual features without supervision. arXiv:2304.07193 [cs.CV] (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"Epoch AI Data on AI models (2025); https:\/\/epoch.ai\/data\/ai-models."}],"container-title":["Science Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adv4049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T17:58:24Z","timestamp":1758736704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adv4049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"106","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/scirobotics.adv4049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adv4049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9476","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eadv4049"}}